Volume 2: Middle Classic

One hundred and twenty kinds of medium-grade drugs serve as ministerial medicines, primarily used to regulate human temperament in accordance with the body. Whether toxic or non-toxic, they should be used judiciously as appropriate. Those who wish to curb illness and replenish weakness should take the medium-grade drugs as their foundation: Realgar, Sulfur, Orpiment, Mercury, Gypsum, Magnetite, Calcite, Actinolite, Stalactite, Stalactite concretion, Iron essence, Fibrous gypsum, Anhydrite, and Sericite (these are the jade and stone category, medium grade, fourteen kinds; the old edition had sixteen). Dried ginger, Cocklebur fruit, Kudzu root, Trichosanthes root, Sophora flavescens, Chinese angelica, Ephedra, Rice-paper plant stem, Peony root, Blackberry lily fruit, Dianthus herb, Scrophularia root, Large-leaf gentian root, Lily bulb, Anemarrhena rhizome, Fritillary bulb, Dahurian angelica root, Epimedium, Scutellaria root, Cibotium rhizome, Buttercup herb, Imperata root, Purple aster root, Arnebia root, Patrinia herb, Dictamnus root, Physalis fruit, Salvia root, Chinese lovage root, Pyrrosia leaf, Dioscorea hypoglauca rhizome, Cynanchum atratum root, Duckweed, Trichosanthes cucumeroides fruit, Burnet root, Seaweed, Lycopus herb, Stephania root, Coltsfoot flower, Tree peony root bark, Pedicularis herb, Centella asiatica herb, Patrinia scabiosifolia herb, Paris polyphylla root, Solanum lyratum herb, Justicia procumbens herb, Schizonepeta herb, and Inula root (these are the grass category, medium grade, forty-nine kinds; the old edition had forty-six). Mulberry root bark, Bamboo leaf, Evodia fruit, Gardenia fruit, Elm seed, Immature bitter orange, Magnolia bark, Ash bark, Prickly-ash peel, Cornus fruit, Trumpet creeper flower, Umbellate pore fungus, Jujube thorn, Longan fruit, Usnea lichen, Winged euonymus twig, and Albizia bark (these are the wood category, medium grade, seventeen kinds; the old edition is the same). Horse penis, Deer antler, Ox horn core, Goat horn, Male dog penis, Antelope horn, and Rhinoceros horn (these are the animal category, medium grade, seven kinds; the old edition is the same). Swallow droppings, Bat droppings (these are the bird category, medium grade, two kinds; the old edition had three). Hedgehog skin, Wasp nest, Turtle shell, Crab, Cicada slough, Grub, Cuttlefish bone, Silkworm larva, Snake fish shell, Stinkbug, Slug, Skink, Gadfly, Horsefly, Cockroach, Ground beetle, and Bat (these are the insect and fish category, medium grade, seventeen kinds; the old edition had sixteen). Mume fruit (this is the fruit category, medium grade, one kind; the old edition is the same). Soybean sprout, Red bean, Millet, and Broomcorn millet (these are the grain category, medium grade, three kinds; the old edition had two). Knotweed fruit, Scallion seed, Chinese chive, and Water hyssop (these are the vegetable category, medium grade, three kinds; the old edition is the same).

Realgar: Bitter in taste, neutral and cold in nature. Treats cold-heat disorders, scrofula, malignant sores, abscesses and hemorrhoids, and dead muscle; kills the poison of demons, evil ghosts, perverse qi, and all kinds of insects; surpasses five types of weapons. When taken after processing, it lightens the body and leads to immortality. Another name is Yellow Food Stone. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Realgar. Shennong considers it bitter. On the northern side of the mountain there is cinnabar realgar; it grows on the southern side of the mountain, hence called “male,” being the male within cinnabar, thus named realgar.

Famous Physicians says: Grows in Wudu and the southern part of Dunhuang. Collect at no fixed time.

Note: The Classic of Mountains and Seas: Western Mountains says: Beneath high mountains there is much realgar. Guo Pu says: In the third year of the Tai Xing reign of Jin, a mountain collapsed within Gaoping Commandery, and several thousand catties of realgar were unearthed. The Baopuzi: Immortal Herbs says: Realgar should be taken from Wudu Mountain, pure and without impurities, red like a chicken’s comb, bright and shining, then it can be used; those that are merely pure yellow resembling realgar but without red luster cannot be used to make immortal drugs, only for compounding medicinal remedies.

Sulfur (liú, the old edition wrote it as ; the Imperial Overview quotation writes it as , hence this usage): Sour in taste, warm in nature. Treats female genital erosion sores, abscesses and hemorrhoids, and stagnant blood; strengthens sinews and bones; eliminates baldness; transforms the nature of gold, silver, copper, and iron and other extraordinary substances (the Imperial Overview quotation says: Sulfur. Wu Pu says: Sulfur. Another name is Stone Retention Yellow. Shennong, Yellow Emperor, and Lei Gong consider it sour, toxic; Physician He and Bian Que consider it bitter, non-toxic. Some grow in Yiyang, some in Hexi. Some are of five colors; the yellow one is alum stone liquid (alum is the ancient character for ); those that burn with a purple flame are collected in the eighth and ninth months and can treat women’s diseases. Famous Physicians says: Grows on Mu Yang Mountain in Donghai, as well as on Tai Mountain and Hexi Mountain. It is alum stone liquid.

Note: Fanzi Ji Ran says: Sulfur is produced in Hanzhong. Also says: Liu Feng consumed sulfur and became younger. Liu Kui’s commentary on the Wu Du Fu says: Sulfur is the essence of earth.

Orpiment: Acrid in taste, neutral in nature. Treats malignant sores, baldness, scabs and scabies; kills poisonous insects and lice; treats body itch, perverse qi, and various poisons. Process it. Long-term consumption lightens the body, prolongs life, and prevents aging. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Magnetite. Another name is Magnet Lord.

Famous Physicians says: Grows in Wudu, in the same mountains as realgar. On the northern side of the mountain there is gold; the essence of gold vaporizing generates orpiment. Collect at no fixed time.

Mercury: Acrid in taste, cold in nature. Treats scabies, scabs and sores, and white baldness; kills lice in the skin; induces abortion; clears heat poison; neutralizes the poison of gold, silver, copper, and tin. When melted, it can revert to cinnabar; long-term consumption leads to immortality and eternal life. Grows on level ground.

Famous Physicians says: Another name is Mercury. Grows in Fuling, produced from cinnabar.

Note: The Shuowen says: Mercury is the liquid formed from the transformation of cinnabar. The Guangya says: Mercury is called mercury. The Huainanzi: Terrestrial Forms says: White mercury, after nine hundred years, produces white mercury; white mercury, after nine hundred years, produces white metal. Gao You says: White mercury is mercury.

Gypsum: Acrid in taste, slightly cold in nature. Treats wind-stroke causing cold-heat, rebellious qi below the heart, fright and panting, dry mouth and scorched tongue, inability to breathe, hard painful masses in the abdomen; drives out evil ghosts; treats postpartum lack of milk flow and metal-inflicted wounds. Grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians says: Another name is Fine Stone. Grows on Qi Mountain, as well as on Qi Lu Mountain and Lu Meng Mountain. Collect at no fixed time.

Magnetite: Acrid in taste, cold in nature. Treats generalized painful obstruction, wind-dampness, pain in limb joints, inability to grasp objects, bodily soreness and weakness; clears great heat, vexation and fullness, and deafness. Another name is Primordial Stone. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Magnetite. Another name is Magnet Lord.

Famous Physicians says: Another name is Place Stone. Grows on Tai Mountain and on the northern side of Ci Mountain; where there is iron, it grows on the southern side of the mountain. Collect at no fixed time.

Note: The Classic of Mountains and Seas: Northern Mountains says: On Guan Ti Mountain, there is much magnetite. Guo Pu says: It can attract iron. The Guanzi: Earth Numbers says: On a mountain with magnetite, below there must be copper. The Lüshi Spring and Autumn: Thorough Mastery says: Magnetite can attract iron. The Huainanzi: Discourse on Mountains says: Magnetite attracts iron. It is written only as “ci” (), the old edition writes it as “ci” (), which is incorrect. The Famous Physicians separately lists a “Primordial Stone” entry, which is also incorrect.

Calcite: Acrid in taste, cold in nature. Treats body heat, abdominal accumulations, perverse qi, skin feeling like fire, vexation and fullness. Take it with water; long-term consumption prevents hunger. Another name is White Water Stone. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Shennong considers it acrid; Qi Bo, Physician He, and Bian Que consider it sweet, non-toxic; Master Li considers it greatly cold in nature. Some grow in Handan. Collect at no fixed time. Color resembles mica (the Imperial Overview quotation says: Another name is Cold Water Stone).

Famous Physicians says: Another name is Cold Water Stone, also called Ice Water Stone. It is the essence of salt. Grows in Changshan and on Ning Mountain, also in Zhongshui County, Handan.

Fanzi Ji Ran says: Water stone is produced in Hedong. Those of good color are of fine quality.

Actinolite: Salty in taste, slightly warm in nature. Treats uterine bleeding and vaginal discharge; breaks up stagnant blood in the uterus, abdominal masses with binding qi, cold-heat abdominal pain, infertility, and erectile dysfunction (the Imperial Overview quotation reads as “yin and yang not harmonizing”); supplements deficiencies (the Imperial Overview quotation includes the characters “jī luán,” meaning contraction and spasm). Another name is White Stone. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Actinolite. Shennong and Bian Que consider it sour, non-toxic; Tong Jun, Lei Gong, and Qi Bo consider it salty, non-toxic; Master Li considers it slightly cold in nature. Some grow on Tai Mountain (the Imperial Overview quotation says: Some actinolite. Collect at no fixed time).

Famous Physicians says: Another name is Stone Born, also called Sheep Rising Stone. It is the root of mica. Grows on Qi Mountain and in Langye, sometimes on Yun Mountain and Yang Qi Mountain. Collect at no fixed time.

Konggongnie: flavor acrid, nature warm. Governs injury from overeating not transforming, pathogenic qi binding and gathering, foul sores, deep-rooted ulcers and fistula, pathogenic qi; it can unblock the nine orifices, promote lactation (the Yulan quotation says: another name is Tongshi. The Daguan edition has it in black characters). Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Konggongnie. Shennong considers: flavor acrid; Qibo considers: flavor salty; Bian Que considers: flavor sour, non-toxic. Color greenish-yellow.

Mingyi says: Another name is Tongshi; it is the root of Yinnie. Greenish-yellow. Grows in Liangshan.

Yinnie: flavor acrid, nature warm. Governs putrid wounds with static blood, diarrhea with cold and heat, rat fistula with cold and heat, abdominal masses and binding qi. Another name is Jiangshi. Grows in mountain valleys (Note: This entry should be combined with Konggongnie as one entry).

Mingyi says: It is the root of stalactite. Grows in Yue, also grows in Liangshan and the Southern Sea. No fixed time for collection.

Tiejing: nature neutral. Brightens the eyes, transforms copper. Tieluo: flavor acrid, nature neutral. Governs wind-heat foul sores, ulcerative sores and scabs, scabies qi in the skin. Tie: can strengthen muscles and endure pain. Grows in level marshes (Old edition divided into three entries; now combined).

Mingyi says: Tiejing, another name is Tieye. Can be used for dyeing. Grows in Muyang City and Qian City or Xicheng. No fixed time for collection.

Note: Shuowen says: Tie is black metal; sometimes abbreviated as , ancient script written as .

Lishi: flavor acrid, nature cold. Governs body heat, can harmonize the stomach and intestines, relieve oppression, boost essence and brighten the eyes, break accumulations, expel the three worms. Another name is Lizhishi. Grows in mountain valleys.

Mingyi says: Another name is Jishi. Like plaster-of-Paris, with straight and fine grain. Grows in Hanzhong and Lushan. No fixed time for collection.

Changshi: flavor acrid, nature cold. Governs body heat, cold reversal of the four limbs, can promote urination, free the blood vessels, brighten the eyes, remove cataracts, expel the three worms, kill gu poison. Long-term taking: no hunger. Another name is Fangshi. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Changshi, another name is Fangshi, also called Zhishi. Grows in the valleys of Zhangzi. Like horse teeth, moist and lustrous, jade-colored and long-lasting fresh. Taking it: no hunger (Yulan).

Mingyi says: Another name is Tushi, another name is Zhishi. Grain like horse teeth, square and moist, color like jade. Grows in the mountains of Zhangzi and Mount Tai and Linzi. No fixed time for collection.

Fuqing

Flavor acrid, nature neutral. Governs gu poison and snake, vegetable, meat and various poisons, as well as foul sores. Grows in mountain valleys.

Mingyi says: Another name is Tuiqing, another name is Tuishi. Grows in Yizhou.

Note: Tao Hongjing says: Folk formulas and the Xianjing do not use this drug; no one recognizes it anymore.

Above: jade-stone class, middle grade, fourteen kinds. Old edition had sixteen. After investigation, Tieluo and Tie should be combined with Tiejing as one kind.

Ganjiang

Flavor acrid, nature warm. Governs chest and center fullness, cough and counterflow qi ascending, warms and supplements the center, stops bleeding, promotes sweating, disperses wind-damp painful impediment, and intestinal dysentery and diarrhea. Fresh use is especially good.

Long-term taking: can remove foul qi and penetrate the spirit. Grows in mountain valleys.

Mingyi says: Grows in Qianwei, Jingzhou, and Yangzhou. Collected in the ninth month.

Note: Shuowen says: Jiang is a vegetable that wards off dampness. Guangya says: ? is lianjiang. Lüshi Chunqiu Benwei chapter says: Among fine seasonings, there is Jiang from Yangpu. Gao You's note: Yangpu is a place name in Shu commandery. Sima Xiangru's Shanglin Fu records zijiang.

Ershi

Flavor sweet, nature warm. Governs wind pathogen headache with aversion to cold, wind-damp bi of the whole body, spasms and pain of the four limbs, and putrid flesh and dead muscle. Long-term taking can supplement upright qi, sharpen the ears and brighten the eyes, boost memory, and lighten the body. Another name is Huxu, another name is Dikui.

Grows in Mingyi says: Another name is Xu, another name is Changsi. Grows in the fields of Anlu and Liu'an. Collect when fruit is ripe.

Note: Shuowen says: Xu is juan'er; ling is juan'er. Guangya says: Ling'er, xu, changxu, huxu, is er. Er Ya says: Cang'er is ling'er. Guo Pu says: The Jiangdong region calls it changxu; shape like a mouse's ear, growing clustered like a tray. Mao Shi says: Gather, gather juan'er. Zhuan says: Juan'er is ling'er. Lu Ji says: Leaf green with white, like huxu; white flowers, thin stem trailing. Can be boiled and eaten, slippery and bland; in the fourth month bears fruit, shape exactly like a woman's ear clasp; now some call it erxuan cao. Zheng Kangcheng considers it white huxu; the Youzhou people call it jue'er. Huainanzi Lanming xun says: Lowly like xu. Gao You says: Xu is xu'er, a vegetable name. The Youzhou and Jizhou region calls it tancai; the Luoyang region calls it huxu.

Gegen

Flavor sweet, nature neutral. Governs wasting-thirst, body high fever, vomiting, various bi patterns, can upraise yin qi, resolve various poisons. Gegu: governs diarrhea of ten years or more.

Another name is Jiqigen. Grows in cultivated valleys.

Wu Pu says: Gegen. Shennong considers: flavor sweet. Grows on Mount Tai (Yulan).

Mingyi says: Another name is Luhuo, another name is Huangjin. Grows in Wenshan. Collect root in the fifth month, dry in the sun.

Gualougen

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs wasting-thirst, body fever and oppression and fullness, high fever, can supplement vacuity and stabilize the center, rejoin severed injuries. Another name is Dilou. Grows in mountain valleys and on northern slopes.

Wu Pu says: Gualou, another name is Zeju, another name is Zegu (Yulan).

Mingyi says: Another name is Guoluo, another name is Tiangua, another name is Zegu. The fruit is called huanggua. Collect root in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun, prepare after thirty days. Grows in Hongnong.

Note: Shuowen says: ? is ? lou, a fruit. Guangya says: Wangbai is ? (should be Wang? ). Er Ya says: Gualuo's fruit is gualou. Guo Pu says: Now the Qi people call it tiangua. Mao Shi says: The fruit of gualuo also spreads to the eaves. Zhuan says: Gualuo is gualou. Lüshi Chunqiu says: Wangshan sheng. Gao You says: Shan is sometimes written as gua, which is ?. Note: The character shan in Lüshi Chunqiu is a scribal error for ? .

Kushen

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs heart and abdomen qi bind, abdominal masses and accumulations, jaundice, painful urinary dribbling, can expel water pathogens, disperse swelling and abscess, supplement the center and brighten the eyes, stop tears.

Another name is Shuihuai, another name is Kushi. Grows in mountain valleys and fields.

Mingyi says: Another name is Dihuai, another name is Tuhuai, another name is Jiaohuai, another name is Baijing, another name is Huma, another name is Qinjing, another name is Luyue, another name is Linglang. Grows in Runan. Collect root in the third, eighth, and tenth months, dry in the sun.

Danggui

Flavor sweet, nature warm. Governs cough and counterflow qi ascending, warm malaria with alternating cold and heat, dampness itching in the skin (the Daguan edition says: xi is xuan), women's vaginal discharge and infertility, various foul sores and ulcerations, metal wounds. Boil in water and drink. Another name is Gangui. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Danggui. Shennong, Huangdi, Tongjun, Bian Que consider: flavor sweet, non-toxic; Qibo, Lei Gong consider: flavor acrid, non-toxic; Li Shi considers: nature slightly warm. Some grow in Qianghu region.

Mingyi says: Grows in Longxi. Collect root in the second and eighth months, dry in the shade.

Note: Guangya says: Shanjian is danggui. Er Ya says: Bi is shanjian. Guo Pu says: Now like jian but coarse and large. Also says: Bi is baijian; Guo Pu says: That is shangshanjian.

Fanzi Jiran says: Danggui is produced in Longxi. Without dry rot, the quality is good.

Mahuang

Bitter in taste, warm in nature. It primarily treats wind stroke, cold damage headache, and warm malaria. It can disperse exterior pathogenic factors, induce sweating, dispel evil heat qi, suppress cough and rebellious qi ascending, eliminate alternating chills and fever, and break up abdominal masses and hard accumulations. Another name is Longsha.

Wu Pu says: Ephedra, another name is Beixiang, another name is Beijian. Shennong and Leigong consider: bitter in taste, non-toxic; Bian Que considers: sour in taste, non-toxic; Master Li says: neutral in nature. Some grow in Hedong. Harvested in the fourth month and at the beginning of autumn (from Yulan).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Beixiang, another name is Beiyan. It grows in Jin region and Hedong. Harvest the stems at the beginning of autumn, dry in the shade to make the color green.

Note: According to Guangya: Longsha is ephedra. The stem of ephedra is dog bone. Fanzi Ji Ran says: Ephedra is produced in the Hanzhong and Sanfu regions.

Tongcao

(Spelled as "cao" in Yulan)

Acrid in taste, neutral in nature. It primarily treats dispelling noxious insects, eliminating cold and heat from the spleen and stomach, unblocking the nine orifices, blood vessels, and joints, and improving memory. Another name is Fuzhi. It grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Tongcao, another name is Dingweng, another name is Fuzhi. Shennong and Huangdi consider: acrid in taste; Leigong considers: bitter in taste. It grows in the valleys of Shicheng, with green leaves and trailing vines. It can stop sweating, harvested from the first month (from Yulan).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Dingweng. It grows in Shicheng and Shanyang. Harvest the branches in the first month, dry in the shade.

Note: According to Guangya: Fuzhi is ? grass. Zhongshan Jing says: On Sheng Mountain, its grass has much Koutuo. Guo Pu says: Koutuo grass grows in the south, about one zhang tall, leaves like lotus leaves, and the stem has white pith; people in Lingling plant it and water it daily, treating it as a tree. Erya says: Linan is living ?. Guo Pu's note is the same. It also says: Yishang is living tuo. Guo Pu says: This is Linan. Fanzi Ji Ran says: ? grass is produced in the Sanfu region.

Shaoyao

Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. It primarily treats abdominal pain caused by pathogenic qi, dispels blood bi, breaks up hard accumulations, alternating chills and fever, hernia and abdominal masses, relieves pain, promotes urination, and supplements vital qi (the Yiwen Leiju quotes: Another name is Baizhu. In Daguan Ben it is written in black characters). It grows in mountain valleys and...

Wu Pu says: Shaoyao, Shennong considers: bitter in taste; Tongjun considers: sweet in taste, non-toxic; Qibo considers: salty in taste; Master Li says: slightly cold in nature; Leigong considers: sour in taste. Another name is Ganji, another name is Jiecang, another name is Dan, another name is Yurong, another name is Baizhu. Harvested on the third day of the third month (from Yulan).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Baizhu, another name is Yurong, another name is Lishi, another name is Jieshi, another name is Ting. It grows in the Central Marchmount. Harvest the roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Note: According to Guangya: Luanyi is shaoyao; Baizhu is peony. Beishan Jing says: On Xiu Mountain, its grass has much shaoyao. Guo Pu says: Shaoyao, another name is Xinyi, also a type of aromatic herb. Maoshi says: Present her with shaoyao. The Commentary says: Shaoyao is an aromatic herb. Fanzi Ji Ran says: Shaoyao is produced in Sanfu. Cui Bao's Gu Jin Zhu says: Shaoyao has two kinds: there is herbaceous shaoyao, and there is woody shaoyao. Woody shaoyao has flowers, large with deep color, commonly called peony, but it is not...

Lishi

Sweet in taste, neutral in nature. It primarily treats skin alternating chills and fever, heat qi in the stomach, cold-damp painful bi, strengthens sinews and bones, and increases appetite. Long-term use makes the body light. Flowers and leaves: can dispel white worms. Another name is Jucao, another name is Sanjian, another name is Shishou. It grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Lishi, another name is Jucao, another name is Sanjian, another name is Julihua (from Yulan), another name is Zelan, another name is Shishou. Shennong and Huangdi consider: sweet and acrid in taste, non-toxic. It grows in Wanju. Harvested in the fifth month (same source).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Lishi. It grows in Hedong. Harvest the fruit in the fifth month, dry in the shade.

Note: According to Shuowen: Li is a grass, like rushes but smaller, roots can be used as a brush. Guangya says: Ma KT? is li. Yueling says: In the midwinter month, the li grass emerges. Zheng Xuan says: Li Ting is ma xie. Gao You's commentary on Huainanzi says: Li Ma is li grass. Tongsu Wen says: Another name is ma lan. Yan Zhitui says: This thing grows commonly in the plains and marshes of Hebei, also abundant in Jiangdong, planted in courtyards and steps, only called early pu, so people do not recognize ma xie.

Qumai

Bitter in taste, cold in nature. It primarily treats block and rebellion, various types of urinary obstruction and stagnation, difficult urination, can pull out thorns, open abscesses and swellings, brighten the eyes and remove clouding, break up fetal qi and induce miscarriage, and unblock stagnant blood in the lower jiao.

Another name is Jujumai. It grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Daju, Dalan. It grows on large mountains. Harvest the fruit at the beginning of autumn, dry in the shade.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Qu is qumai. Ju and Daju are both qumai. Guangya says: Ziwei and Lingtiao are qumai. Erya says: Daju is qumai. Guo Pu says: Another name is Maijujiang, which is qumai. Tao Hongjing says: Its seeds resemble wheat, so it is called qumai.

Yuan shen

Bitter in taste, slightly cold in nature. It primarily treats abdominal cold-heat accumulations, residual diseases during postpartum lactation in women, can supplement kidney qi, and brighten the eyes. Another name is Chongtai.

Wu Pu says: Yuan shen, another name is Guizang, Zhengma, Chongtai, Lufu, Duan, Yuantai. Shennong, Tongjun, Huangdi, Leigong, and Bian Que consider: bitter in taste, non-toxic; Qibo considers: salty in taste; Master Li says: cold in nature. Some grow on the south side of Yuanqu Mountain. In the second month, leaves appear like plum leaves, four by four opposite each other like shaoyao, black stem square, four to five chi tall, flowers red, growing among the branches, fruit black in the fourth month (from Taiping Yulan).

Harvest the roots in the fourth month, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Guangya says: Luchang is yuan shen. Fanzi Ji Ran says: Yuan shen is produced in the Sanfu region. The green ones are of good quality.

Qinjiao

Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. It primarily treats cold-heat pathogenic qi, cold-damp, wind-damp painful bi, joint pain, can promote water circulation, and promote urination. It grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows on Feiwu Mountain. Harvest the roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: KT is tangled grass; Yupian writes it as KT, pronounced ju bao qie, saying qinjiao, the medicine and jiao are the same character. Xiao Bing...

Baihe

Sweet in taste, neutral in nature. It primarily treats abdominal distension caused by pathogenic qi, heart pain, can promote urination and defecation, and supplement middle qi. It grows in river valleys.

Wu Pu says: Baihe, another name is Zhongmai, Zhongting. It grows in Guanqu and Jingshan (the Yiwen Leiju quotes: Another name is Zhongkuang).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Zhongxiang, Muluo, Zhongfenghua, Qiangqu. It grows in Jingzhou. Harvest the roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Yupian says: Fan is baihe garlic.

Zhimu

Bitter in taste, cold in nature. It primarily treats internal heat caused by wasting-thirst, can dispel pathogenic qi, eliminate body edema, promote water circulation, supplement deficiency and insufficiency, and boost qi. Another name is Mu, Lianmu, Yeliao, Dishen, Shuishen, Shuijun, Huomu, Mu. It grows in river valleys.

Wu Pu says: Zhimu, Shennong and Tongjun consider: non-toxic. It can supplement deficiency and insufficiency, and boost qi (the Taiping Yulan quotes: Another name is Timu).

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is Nülei, Nüli, Ercao, Lulie, Jiupeng, Erzhongcao, Donggen, Shuixu, Shenfan, Hao. It grows in the Henei region. Harvest the roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: is mu. is fan, sometimes written as hao from yao. Guangya says: Mu and Erzhong are donggen. Erya says: Hao is fan. Guo Pu says: It grows on mountains. Leaves like chives, another name is mu. Fanzi Ji Ran says: Mu is produced in the Sanfu region, the yellow-white ones are of good quality. Yupian writes it as mu.

Beimu

Flavor acrid, nature balanced. Governs vexation and fever caused by cold damage, dribbling and painful urination, evil qi, mounting masses and accumulations, throat blockage, difficult childbirth, metal-inflicted wounds, wind spasms. Also named Empty Shell.

Famous Physicians says: Also named Medicine Fruit, Bitter Flower, Bitter Vegetable, Shang (character) Grass, Diligent Mother. Grows in Jin lands.

Harvest the root in the tenth month, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: , is Shell Mother. Broadened Elegance says: Shell Father, is Medicine Fruit. Approaching Elegance says: , is Shell Mother.

Guo Pu says: The root resembles a small shell, round in shape with white flowers, leaves like chives. Mao's Odes says: Pluck the meng there. Mao's Commentary says: Meng, is Shell Mother.

Lu Ji says: Its leaves resemble gualou but are finer; its seeds are below the root like taro, pure white, connected on all sides with clear divisions.

White Angelica

Flavor acrid, nature warm. Governs women's flooding and dripping with red and white discharge, amenorrhea, yin swelling, cold and heat, wind evil striking the head causing tearing. Promotes growth of flesh, moistens the skin, can be made into facial ointment. Also named Fragrant Herb. Grows in river valleys.

Wu Pu says: White Angelica, also named , Fu Li, Ze Fen, (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Also named White Angelica, , Wan, Fu Li, Ze Fen. Its leaves, also named Ma, can be used as a decoction for bathing. Grows in the low wetlands of Hedong. Harvest the root in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: Zhi, is ; Chu lands call it Li, Jin lands call it , Qi lands call it Zhi. Broadened Elegance says: White Angelica, its leaves are called Medicine. Western Mountain Classic says: Hao Mountain, its grasses are many medicines. Guo Pu says: Medicine, is another name for White Angelica; , is a fragrant grass.

Huainanzi: Cultivating Effort says: The body is pained as if blown by autumn medicine. Gao You says: Medicine, is White Angelica, a fragrant grass. Wang Yi's note to Chu Lyrics says: Medicine, is White Angelica. Note: What Famous Physicians says, also named Wan and so forth, seems to be the Wan and Fu Li of Approaching Elegance, its upper part. And Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters has another , Fu Li. , is the upper part of Fu Li. This is not the same grass. The Shed Person says: White Pu, also named Fu Li, Chu lands call it Wan; could it be that Pu and Zhi are similar, and Famous Physicians mistakenly combined them into one? Or Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: Chu lands call it Li, that is Fu Li, cannot be known in detail. The old edition writes Zhi, which is incorrect.

Epimedium

Flavor acrid, nature cold. Governs impotence, severe damage, pain in the penis, promotes urination, strengthens qi and force, fortifies the will. Also named Just Now Strong. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Epimedium, Shennong and Lord Thunder consider: flavor acrid; Master Li says: nature slightly cold. Can strengthen bones (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Grows on Shishang Commandery's Yang Mountain.

Scutellaria

Flavor bitter, nature balanced. Governs jaundice from various fevers, intestinal diarrhea and dysentery, promotes urination, treats amenorrhea, malignant sores, and erosive sores, fire burns. Also named Rotten Intestine. Grows in river valleys.

Wu Pu says: Scutellaria, also named Yellow Pattern, Jealous Wife, Rainbow Victory, Red Scutellaria, Seal Head, Inner Void. Shennong, Tongjun, Yellow Emperor, Lord Thunder, and Bian Que consider: flavor bitter, non-toxic; Master Li says: nature slightly warm. In the second month it produces red-yellow leaves, paired two by two or four by four, stems hollow or square-round, three to four feet tall, in the fourth month opens purple-red flowers, in the fifth month bears black fruit, root yellow. Harvest from the second to the ninth month (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Also named Empty Intestine, Inner Void, Yellow Pattern, Red Scutellaria, Jealous Wife. Grows in Zigui and Yuanju. Harvest the root on the third day of the third month, dry in the shade.

Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: , is Yellow. Broadened Elegance says: says: Scutellaria, produced in the Three Regions. Yellow in color is of good quality.

Cibotium (Dog's Spine)

Flavor bitter, nature balanced. Governs diseases of the lower back and spine, strengthens joints, relieves contraction and relaxation, treats generalized bi pain, cold dampness, knee pain. Greatly benefits the aged. One Wu Pu says: Dog's Spine, also named Dog's Green, Red Joint. Shennong, Tongjun, Yellow Emperor, Qibo, Lord Thunder, and Bian Que consider: flavor sweet, non-toxic; Master Li says: nature slightly warm. Resembles bi xie, stem nodes like bamboo, has thorns, leaves round and red, root yellow-white, also like bamboo root, with hairy thorns. Qibo Jing says: Stem Famous Physicians says: Also named Strengthen the Spine, Support the Lid, Support the Sinew. Grows in Changshan. Harvest the root in the second and eighth months, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Broadened Elegance says: Ba, is Dog's Spine. Jade Chapters says: Ba, is the root of Dog's Spine. Famous Physicians separately establishes the Ba entry, which is incorrect.

Buttercup (Stone Dragon's Rush)

Flavor bitter, nature balanced. Governs wind-cold-damp bi, evil qi in the heart and abdomen, promotes joint function, eliminates vexation and distension. Long-term makes the body light, eyes bright, and delays aging. Also named Lu Guo Neng (Taiping Yulan as Food Fruit), Ground Mulberry. Grows by river marshes beside stones.

Wu Pu says: Dragon Rush, also named Ginger Moss, Heaven Bean. Shennong considers: flavor bitter, nature balanced; Qibo says: flavor sour; Bian Que and Master Li say: nature greatly cold; Lord Thunder says: flavor salty, non-toxic. Harvest on the fifth day of the fifth month (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Also named Stone Ability, Peng Root, Heaven Bean. Grows in Tai Mountain. Harvest the seeds on the fifth day of the fifth month, harvest the bark in the second and eighth months, dry in the shade.

Textual research: Fanzi Ji Ran says: Stone Dragon's Rush, produced in the Three Regions. Yellow in color is of good quality.

Cogongrass Root

Flavor sweet, nature cold. Governs vacuity and emaciation from overstrain, supplements center qi, eliminates static blood, amenorrhea, cold and heat, promotes urination. Its sprouts, promote water flow. Also named Orchid Root, Edible Root. Grows in mountain valleys and fields.

Famous Physicians says: Also named Earth Pipe, Earth Sinew, Concurrent Du. Grows in Chu lands. Harvest the root in the sixth month.

Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: Mao, is Jian; Jian, is Mao. Broadened Elegance says: Jian, is Mao. Approaching Elegance says: White Blossom, is Wild Jian. Guo Pu says: Jian, belongs to the Mao category. Book of Odes says: White blossom jian, white mao binds it. Mao's Commentary says: White Blossom, is Wild Jian, already soaked, called Jian.

Aster

Flavor bitter, nature warm. Governs cough and qi counterflow surging upward, chest Wu Pu says: Aster, also named Green Garden (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Also named Purple Red, also named Green Garden. Grows in Fangling and Zhending Handan. Dig up the root in the second and third months, dry in the shade. Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: Wan, is Purple Wan, produced in Hanzhong Fangling. Tao Hongjing says: The white one, is called White Wan. Tang Ben commentary says: White Wan, is Female Wan.

Gromwell (Purple Grass)

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs evil qi in the heart and abdomen, five types of jaundice, supplements center qi, opens the nine orifices, unblocks the water passages. Also named Purple Red, also named Purple Fu (Yulan cites: also named Earth Blood. Daguan Ben lacks this text). Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Gromwell's stem nodes are red. Flowers in the second month (Yulan).

Famous Physicians says: Grows in Dang Mountain and Chu lands. Dig up the root in the third month, dry in the shade.

Textual research: Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters says: Ci, is a grass; Miao, is Ci grass; , is a grass, can be used to dye retained yellow. Broadened Elegance says: Ci, is Ci grass. Mountains and Seas Classic says: Lao Mountain has many Ci grasses. Guo Pu's note says: Also named Purple, can be used to dye purple. Approaching Elegance says: Miao, is Ci grass. Guo Pu's note says: Can be used to dye purple.

Patrinia (Defeated Sauce)

Flavor bitter, nature balanced. Governs sudden-onset heat toxin sores, red swelling and heat pain, scabies and itching, jaundice, hemorrhoids, saddle sore heat qi. Also named Deer Intestine. Grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians says: Also named Deer Head, also named Horse Grass, also named Marsh Defeat. Grows in Jiangxia. Dig up the root in the eighth month, dry in the sun.

Textual research: Fanzi Ji Ran says: Defeated Sauce, produced in the Three Regions. Tao Hongjing says: Its qi resembles that of defeated sauce, hence the name.

Dittany (White Fresh)

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs head wind, jaundice, cough and qi counterflow, dribbling and painful urination, women's yin swelling and pain, damp bi causing muscle necrosis, inability to flex, extend, rise, or walk. Grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians says: Grows in Shanggu and Yuanju. Dig up the root in the fourth and fifth months, dry in the shade.

Textual research: Tao Hongjing says: Common people call it White Sheep Fresh, its qi exactly resembles sheep stench, also called White Stench.

Sour Sauce (Physalis)

Sour, nature balanced. Primarily treats irritability and chest and abdominal fullness caused by heat pathogens, calms the spirit, supplements vital qi, and opens the water passage. During difficult childbirth, swallowing its fruit causes immediate delivery. Also known as Vinegar Sauce. Grows in marshes and wetlands.

Wu Pu says: Sour Sauce, also known as Vinegar Sauce (Imperial Overview).

The Famous Physicians say: Grows in the Jing-Chu region and in people's gardens. Harvested in the fifth month, dried in the shade.

Textual research: The Erya says: [plant name], is Cold Sauce. Guo Pu's commentary says: It is the present-day Sour Sauce plant; in Jiangdong it is called Bitter [plant name].

Purple Ginseng

Bitter and acrid, nature cold. Treats accumulations and gatherings in the heart and abdomen, cold and heat pathogens, opens the nine orifices, and promotes urination and defecation. Also known as Male Bindweed. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Fu Meng, also known as Purple Ginseng, also known as Spring Warrior, also known as Yin Belly, also known as Fu Rabbit, also known as Double Injury. Shennong and Huangdi consider: taste bitter; Li says: nature greatly cold. Grows in the Hexi mountain valleys or in Wanju and Shangshan. Grows in clumps, root is yellow-red with markings, skin black with purple center, flowers in the fifth month. The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Many Warriors, also known as Child Intestine, also known as Horse Travel. Grows in Hexi and Yuanju. Roots collected in the third month, roasted over fire.

Textual research: Fanzi Jiran says: Purple Ginseng is produced in Sanfu. Those with a red-blue color are of good quality.

Ligusticum

Acrid, nature warm. Treats women's hernia and abdominal masses, cold in the yin region, swelling and pain, acute pain in the abdomen, removes wind pathogens causing headache, promotes skin growth, and moistens the complexion. Also known as Ghost Noble, also known as Earth New. Grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Fine Stem. Grows in Chong Mountain. Roots collected in the first and second months, sun-dried, completion in thirty days.

Textual research: The Guangya says: Mountain Angelica, Wei Fragrance, is Ligusticum. The Guanzi • Diyuan Chapter says: Among the five odors, the field category grows Ligusticum. The Xunzi • Dalue Chapter says: Orchid, White Angelica, Ligusticum, steeped in sweet wine, worn once then replaced. Fan Guang's commentary on the Erya says: Ligusticum, also known as Miwu, root called Jin Angelica. Old editions write [character], which is incorrect.

Stone Reed

Bitter, nature balanced. Treats fatigue-heat pathogens and the five types of urinary obstruction, promotes urination and the water passage. Also known as Stone [plant name]. Grows on rocks in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Stone Skin. Grows in Huayin mountain valleys. Those produced where the sound of flowing water and human voices are not heard are of good quality. Leaves collected in the second month, dried in the shade.

Bixie Yam

Bitter, nature balanced. Treats pain in the lower back and spine, strengthens bone joints, treats wind-cold-damp bi, generalized bi pain, non-healing malignant sores, and heat qi. Grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Red Node. Grows in Zhending. Roots collected in the eighth month, sun-dried.

Textual research: The Bowuzhi says: Smilax china is easily confused with Bixie Yam.

White Pulsatilla

Bitter, nature balanced. Treats sudden wind stroke, body heat, distention of the four limbs, trance-like state with failure to recognize people, manic confusion, pathogenic qi, cold-heat aches, and warm malaria with aversion to cold, occurring at set times. Grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as White Curtain, also known as Pulsatilla Herb, also known as Spring Herb, also known as Bone Beauty. Grows on plains. Roots collected on the third day of the third month, dried in the shade.

Duckweed

Acrid, nature cold. Treats sudden fever and body itching (Yiwen Leiju and Chuxue Ji write "itch," same here), removes water qi, resolves alcohol toxins, promotes hair growth (Yiwen Leiju writes "blackens hair"), and treats wasting-thirst disorder. Long-term makes the body light and agile. Also known as Water Flower (Yiwen Leiju quotes: also known as Water Screen). Grows in ponds and marshes.

Wu Pu says: Duckweed, also known as Water Screen. Grows on water surfaces. Leaves round and small, one stem one leaf, roots immersed in water. White flowers in the fifth month, collected in the third month, sun-dried (Imperial Overview).

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Water White, also known as Water Perilla. Grows in Lei Marsh. Collected in the third month, sun-dried.

Textual research: The Shuowen says: Ping, is [character], rootless, floating on the surface. Ping, is [character]. KT, is large duckweed. The Guangya says: KT, is duckweed. The Xia Xiaozheng says: In the seventh month, accumulated water produces ping. The Erya says: Ping, is [character]. Guo Pu's commentary says: Water duckweed, in Jiangdong called KT. Also says the large one is called [character]. The Mao Odes say: Where to gather? The commentary explains: [character], is large duckweed. Fanzi Jiran says: Duckweed is produced in Sanfu. Those with a blue color are of good quality. The Huainanzi • Yuandao Xun says: Duckweed puts tree roots in water. Gao You's commentary says: Duckweed, is large [character].

King Melon

Bitter, nature cold. Treats wasting-thirst disorder, internal blockage, static blood, amenorrhea, alternating cold and heat, body aches, supplements vital qi, and treats deafness. Also known as Earth Melon. Grows on level ground.

The Famous Physicians say: Grows in the fields of Lu and among people's walls and fences. Roots collected in the third month, dried in the shade.

Textual research: The Shuowen says: [character], is King [character]. The Guangya says: Kui Ru, Melon [character], is King Melon. The Xia Xiaozheng says: In the fourth month, King Melon grows. Guo Pu's commentary says: Hook, is [character], also known as King Melon, fruit like a melon, bright red, taste bitter. The Yueling says: King Melon grows. Zheng Xuan's commentary says: The Yueling says King [character] grows. Kong Yingda explains: Suspect King [character] is King Melon. The Guanzi • Diyuan Chapter says: After Piao soil is five sandy soils, suitable for planting large [character] and small [character], white stem, green tip, trailing growth. The Bencao Tujing says: Large [character], is King [character]. Wu, also called Earth Melon, from

Burnet

Bitter, nature slightly cold. Treats women's breast pain, the seven injuries, vaginal discharge, stops pain, removes putrid flesh, stops sweating, and treats knife and sword wounds (Imperial Overview above says: Treats alcohol dissolution. Also says: Brightens eyes. Daguan Bencao lists "alcohol dissolution" as black text, but does not have "brightens eyes"). Grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Grows in Tongbai and Yuanju. Roots collected in the second and eighth months, sun-dried.

Textual research: The Guangya says: [character], is Burnet. Tao Hongjing says: Leaves resemble elm leaves but longer, initially spreading on the ground, flowers and seeds are purple-black, like fermented black beans, hence named Jade Fermented Beans.

Seaweed

Bitter, nature cold. Treats goiter and tumor qi bindings, swelling and lumps beneath the neck, breaks up and dissipates bound qi, abscesses, abdominal masses, hard qi masses, sounds in the abdomen above and below, and reduces the twelve types of edema. Also known as Falling Head. Grows in ponds and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as [character]. Grows in the Eastern Sea. Collected on the seventh day of the seventh month, sun-dried.

Textual research: The Shuowen says: [character], is a water plant, sometimes written as seaweed. The Guangya says: Sea Creeping Plant, is seaweed. The Erya says: Hao, is seaweed. Guo Pu's commentary says: Is a medicinal plant. Also known as Sea Creeping Plant, like tangled hair, grows in the sea. The Bencao says: Also [character], is Stone Garment. Guo Pu's commentary says: Is water moss, also known as Stone Hair, people in Jiangdong eat it, some call it [character]. Leaves like KT but larger, grows at the bottom of water, also edible.

Marsh Orchid

Bitter, nature slightly warm. Treats internal bleeding in nursing women (Imperial Overview writes "nosebleed"), sequelae of wind stroke, major abdominal edema, swelling of the body, face, and four limbs, water within bone joints, knife and sword wounds, abscesses, and suppurating sores. Also known as Tiger Orchid, also known as Dragon Jujube. Grows beside large marshes.

Wu Pu says: Marsh Orchid, also known as Water Fragrance. Shennong, Huangdi, Qibo, and Tongjun consider: taste sour, non-toxic; Li says: nature warm. Grows in low-lying areas near water. Leaves resemble orchid, grows in the second month, has fragrance, stem nodes red, four leaves grow opposite at the nodes between branches.

The Famous Physicians say: Also known as Tiger Cattail. Grows in Runan. Collected on the third day of the third month, dried in the shade.

Textual research: The Guangya says: Tiger Orchid, is Marsh Orchid.

Fangji

Acrid, nature balanced. Treats wind-cold-warm malaria, heat qi causing various abscesses and sores, removes pathogenic qi, and promotes urination and defecation. Also known as Separation (Imperial Overview writes "Stone Separation," and quotes: Opens the interstices and opens the nine orifices. Daguan Bencao has these six characters as black text). Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Mu fangji, also named Jieli, also named Jieyan. Shennong says: taste acrid; Huangdi, Qibo, and Tongjun say: taste bitter, non-toxic; Li says: nature greatly cold. Shape resembles nai, stems vine-like and spreading, like jiao, white roots with yellow exterior like jiegeng, interior black and split like wheel spokes. Harvested in the second, eighth, and tenth months (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Grows in Hanzhong. Harvest roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the shade.

Case: Fanzi Jiran says: Fangji is produced in Xunyang, Hanzhong.

Kuandonghua

Taste acrid, nature warm. Governs cough with qi counterflow ascending, easy wheezing, throat swelling and pain, various fright convulsions, and cold-heat pathogenic qi. Also named Tuowu (written as Shi in Yulan), also named Kedong (written as Kedong in Yulan), also named Huxu, also named Mianxi. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Kuandong, in the twelfth month opens yellow-white flowers (from Yiwen Leiju).

Mingyi says: Also named Shidong, grows in Changshan and near watersides in Changshan. Harvest flowers in the eleventh month, dry in the shade.

Case: Guangya says: Kucui is Kuandong. Er Ya says: Tuxi is Kedong. Guo Pu says: It is Kuandong. Purple-red, grows in water. Xijing Zaji says: Kuandong blooms in the severe cold of winter. Fu Xian's preface to the Kuandong Fu says: In midwinter, with ice and snow accumulating, Kuandong alone opens its beautiful flowers.

Mudan

Taste bitter acrid, nature cold. Governs cold-heat, wind-stroke, convulsions, spasms, fright convulsions and pathogenic qi, eliminates abdominal hard masses, static blood lodged in the intestines and stomach, stabilizes the five viscera, treats abscesses. Also named Lujiu, also named Shugu. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Mudan, Shennong and Qibo say: taste acrid; Li says: nature slightly cold; Lei Gong and Tongjun say: taste bitter, non-toxic; Huangdi says: taste bitter, toxic. Leaves like peng grass interwoven, roots like cypress black, with a core in the middle. Harvested in the second month, also in the eighth month, dry in the sun. If people eat it, it lightens the body and extends lifespan (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Grows in Ba Commandery and Hanzhong. Harvest roots in the second and eighth months, dry in the shade.

Case: Guangya says: It is Baizhu.

Maxianhao

Taste neutral. Governs cold-heat gui-zhu, wind-damp painful obstruction, women's vaginal discharge disorders, infertility. Also named Maniao hao. Grows in waterside grasses.

Mingyi says: Grows in Nanyang.

Case: Shuowen says: Wei is Muhao. Guangya says: Yinchen is Maxian. Er Ya says: Wei is Muhao. Guo Pu says: It is artemisia without seeds. Mao Shi says: It is not e but wei. Zhuan says: Wei is Muhao. Lu Ji says: It begins to grow in the third month; in the seventh month it flowers, flowers resemble hu ma hua but purple-red; in the eighth month it forms pods, pods like small bean pods, sharp and long. Also named Maxinhao. Case: Xin and xian have similar sounds.

Jixuecao

Taste bitter, nature cold. Governs great heat, malignant sores, abscesses, spreading red skin rashes, skin redness, body heat. Grows in waterside valleys.

Mingyi says: Grows in Jingzhou.

Case: Tao Hongjing says: People in the Jing and Chu regions, because the leaves resemble copper coins, call it Diqian cao. Xu Yi's Yaotu calls it Lianqian cao. Bencao Tujing says: It also exists in Xianyang and Luoyang, also named Hu bohe.

Nüwan

(Written as Wan in Yulan)

Taste acrid, nature warm. Governs wind-pathogen causing aversion to cold with shivering, cholera vomiting and diarrhea, intestinal sounds, wandering pain, fright convulsions, cold-heat.

Wu Pu says: Nüwan, also named Baiwan, also named Shi nü wan (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Also named Baiwan, also named Zhi nü wan, also named Mao. Grows in Hanzhong. Harvest in the first and second months, dry in the shade.

Case: Guangya says: Nüchang is Nüwan.

Wang sun

Taste bitter, nature neutral. Governs the five viscera pathogenic qi, cold-damp painful obstruction, pain and soreness in the four limbs, knee cold pain. Grows in waterside valleys.

Wu Pu says: Huang sun, also named Wang sun, also named Manyan, also named Gong cao, also named Hai sun. Shennong and Lei Gong say: taste bitter, non-toxic; Huangdi says: taste sweet, non-toxic. Grows in the western sea valleys and under the walls of Runan city walls. Spreading growth, with red patterns, stems and leaves corresponding (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Wu region people call it Bai gong cao, Chu region people call it Wang sun; Qi region people call it Chang sun. Also named Huang sun, also named Huang hun, also named Hai sun, also named Manyan, grows in Hai xi and under the walls of Runan city walls.

Case: Tao Hongjing says: Now the medical masters all call it Wang hun, also called Zhuang meng.

Shu yang quan

Taste bitter, nature slightly cold. Governs head baldness malignant sores, heat qi scabies sores, itching with scabs, ringworm parasites, treats dental cavities. Grows in waterside valleys.

Mingyi says: Also named Yang quan, also named Yi. Grows in Shu Commandery.

Case: Guangya says: Gu is Ai dan lu he, ze.

Jue chuang

Taste salty, nature cold. Governs lower back and spine pain, inability to lie in bed, difficulty bending and stretching, clears heat pathogen, can be used as bath decoction. Grows in waterside valleys and fields.

Wu Pu says: Jue chuang, also named Jue qing (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Grows in Hanzhong.

Case: Another edition's note says: Now people call it Xiang su.

Jia su

Taste acrid, nature warm. Governs cold-heat rat fistula, scrofula sores, breaks up bound qi, attacks static blood, dispels damp painful obstruction. Also named Shu lou. Grows in waterside grasses (formerly in the vegetable section, now moved here).

Wu Pu says: Jia su, also named Shu shi, also named Jiang jie (from Yulan), named Jing jie, leaves like luo li but finer, Shu region people eat it raw (from Shu ben note).

Mingyi says: Also named Jiang jie. Grows in Hanzhong.

Case: Tao Hongjing says: It is Jing jie; Jiang and Jing are pronunciation errors. Previously placed in the herb section. Now people eat it, recorded in the vegetable section.

Taste sweet, nature cold, neutral (written as taste bitter, nature neutral in Yulan). Governs clearing heat qi, supplementing yin essence, making the complexion good, brightening the eyes. Long-term consumption lightens the body and delays aging. Grows in waterside flatlands (formerly in the Tang Ben withdrawn drugs, now moved here).

Wu Pu says: Qiao gen, Shennong and Lei Gong say: taste sweet, toxic. Harvest in the third and eighth months, use for steaming, give to patients to drink as wine (from Yulan).

Mingyi says: Grows in Hao gao, harvest in the second and eighth months.

Case: Tao Hongjing says: No longer used in medicinal formulas, no one among the people recognizes it.

Above, herb category, middle grade forty-nine varieties. Formerly forty-six varieties. Examining the vegetable section Jia su and the Tang Ben withdrawn Qiao gen, they should be placed in this category.

Sang gen bai pi

Taste sweet, nature cold. Governs internal organ damage, five strains and six extremes, body emaciation, uterine bleeding with blood collapse, pulse qi severance, supplements deficiency and boosts qi. Sang ye: governs dispelling cold-heat and sweating. Sang er, black ones: governs women's vaginal discharge of red and white, sweating, blood disorders, abdominal masses and accumulations, has nourishing effect, treats yin-yang cold-heat, infertility. The five types of wood ear are collectively called Nuo, boost qi, keep one from hunger, lighten the body, enhance memory. Grows in mountain valleys.

Mingyi says: Sang er, also named Sang jun, also named Mu mai. Grows in Qianwei. Harvest during rainy periods in the sixth month, immediately dry in the sun.

Case: Shuowen says: Sang is the leaf eaten by silkworms. Mu is wood ear. Xun is Sang er. Er Ya says: A mulberry tree with a half portion bearing fruit is called Zhi. She ren says: A mulberry tree, half with fruit, half without fruit, is called Zhi. Guo Pu says: Ban means half. Also Nu sang, Yi sang, Guo Pu says: Now among the people, mulberry trees with short trunks and long branches are called Nu sang trees. Also Shan sang, Guo Pu says: Resembles the mulberry tree, its wood suitable for making bows and chariot shafts. Also Sang liu huai tiao, Guo Pu says: Soft and drooping branches.

Zhu ye

Taste bitter, nature neutral. Governs cough with qi counterflow ascending, sinew tension, malignant sores, kills small insects. Zhu gen: Boil and take the decoction, boosts qi and stops thirst, supplements deficiency and descends qi. Zhu zhi: governs wind disease. Zhu shi: unblocks the spirit, lightens the body, boosts qi.

Mingyi says: Grows in Yizhou.

Case: Shuowen says: Zhu is a plant that grows in winter. Pictographic, hanging below is ruo, the outer sheath of bamboo shoots.

Wu zhuyu

(When quoted in Yulan, the character Wu is omitted, so it is like this)

Taste pungent, nature warm. Primarily treats warming the center and dispersing cold, descending qi, stopping pain, cough and qi counterflow, alternating chills and fever, dispelling damp pathogenic factors, blood bi, expelling wind pathogens, opening the interstices. Wu zhuyu root: kills the three worms. Also named, grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians say: Grows in Yuanju. Collected on the ninth day of the ninth month, dried in the shade.

Case: Shuowen says: Zhu, is a type of zhuyu. Yu, is zhuyu. Jian, is zhuyu; the Han Statutes record: Kuai Ji commandery presented one dou. Guangya says: Jia, gu, dang, yue, are all zhuyu. Sancang says: General name for zhuyu (Yulan). Erya says: Jiao, sha, chou. Guo Pu says: The fruit of zhuyu, grows clustered in a chamber; now Jiangdong also calls it general name for zhuyu, similar to zhuyu but smaller, red. Liji says: In sacrifices, the three domestic animals use jian. Zheng Xuan says: Jian, is zhuyu; the Han Statutes say Kuai Ji commandery presents it; Erya calls it general name for zhuyu. Fanzi Jiran says: Zhuyu, produced in Sanfu. Tao Hongjing says: Liji calls it jian, and common people call it zi. They probably do not recognize the character; it resembles a miscellaneous character, still transmitted like this.

Zhi zi

(Formerly written zhi, Yiwen Leiju and Yulan quote it as zhi, thus.)

Taste bitter, nature cold. Treats the five viscera internal pathogenic factors, stomach heat, facial redness, rosacea, white lai, red lai, sores and ulcers. Also named Mu dan. Grows in waterside valleys.

Famous Physicians say: Also named Yue tao. Grows in Nanyang. Ninth month collects the fruit, dried in the sun.

Case: Shuowen says: Zhi, is yellow wood, can be used for dyeing. Guangya says: Zhi zi, is tao. Shiji: Huozhi Zhuan says: Ba and Shu regions abundantly produce zhi. Jijie says: Xu Guang says: Sound zhi, is yan zhi; zi, is red. According to Shuowen it should be zhi.

Wu yi

Taste pungent. Treats the five viscera internal pathogenic factors, can disperse heat toxins that spread and flow in the skin and bone joints, removes the three worms, helps digest food. Also named Wu gu, also named Dian tang (Yulan quotes: can expel cun bai worm, dissipate abdominal warmth and wheezing. Daguan ben writes black characters). Grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians say: Also named Dian tang. Grows on Jin mountains. Third month collects the fruit, dried in the shade.

Case: Shuowen says: Geng, is mountain elm, has bundle-like pods, can be used to make wu yi. Guangya says: Shan yu, is mu gu. Erya says: Ti, is general name. Guo Pu says: One name is bai kui, also named wu gu, its fruit is called yi. Guo Pu says: Wu gu, is gu yu. Grows in mountains, leaves round and thick, peel the bark and soak it together, its taste is pungent and fragrant, that is what is called wu yi. Fanzi Jiran says: Wu yi in the ground, the center is red, good quality.

Zhi shi

Taste bitter, nature cold. Treats wind pathogen in the skin, causing itching like hemp or beans (Yulan writes tan, incorrect). Can eliminate cold-heat binding, stop dysentery (formerly written li, Yulan writes li, correct). Promotes muscle growth, benefits the five viscera, supplements original qi, makes the body light. Grows in marshes.

Wu Pu says: Zhi shi, taste bitter. Lei Gong says: taste sour, non-toxic; Li says: nature greatly cold. Ninth and tenth months collect, dried in the shade (Yulan). Famous Physicians say: Grows in Henei, ninth and tenth months collect, dried in the shade.

Case: Shuowen says: Zhi tree resembles the orange tree. Zhouli says: Orange trees crossing the Huai River become zhi. Shen Kuo's Mengxi Bitan says: Before the Six Dynasties, medical formulas only had zhi shi, not zhi qiao; later people used the small, young fruit of the zhi tree as zhi shi; the large ones as zhi qiao.

Hou po

Taste bitter, nature warm. Treats wind stroke, cold damage, headache, alternating chills and fever, fright and palpitation qi, blood bi causing muscles to lose sensation, removes the three worms.

Wu Pu says: Hou po, Shennong, Qibo, Lei Gong say: taste bitter, non-toxic; Li says: nature slightly warm (Yulan quotes: also named Nong pi. Grows in Jiaozhi).

Famous Physicians say: Also named Nong pi, also named Chi po. Its tree is called zhen, its fruit is called zhu. Grows in Jiaozhi Yuanju. Ninth and tenth months collect the bark, dried in the shade.

Case: Shuowen says: Po, is tree bark, zhen wood. Guangya says: Zhong pi, is hou po. Fanzi Jiran says: Hou po, produced in Hongnong. Note: Now custom takes zhen as qin, not knowing it is hou po. In Shuowen zhen li, the character is written qin.

Qin pi

Taste bitter, nature slightly cold. Treats wind-cold-damp bi, aversion to cold, clears heat pathogens, treats eye with blue yì, white membrane. Long-term, hair does not turn white, body light. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Qin pi, also named Qin pi. Shennong, Leigong, Huangdi, Qibo say: taste sour, non-toxic; Li says: nature small, some grow by the waters of Yuanju. Second and eighth months collect (Yulan).

Wu Pu says: Also named Cen pi, also named Shi tan. Grows in Lujiang and Yuanju. Second and eighth months collect the bark, dried in the shade.

Case: Shuowen says: General name, is qing pi wood, or written KT. Huainanzi: Ti Zhen Xun says: General name wood, color blue yì. Gao You says: General name wood, is ku li wood. Grows on mountains, peel its bark, soak in water, color is properly blue, used to wash eyes, can cure people's eye skin yì. According to Wu Pu says: Cen pi, named Qin pi, Benjing writes Qin pi, is later people changed it with common name, should be Cen pi.

Qin jiao

Taste pungent, nature warm. Treats wind pathogen qi, warms the center, eliminates cold bi, strengthens teeth and hair, brightens the eyes. Long-term, makes the body light, complexion good, delays aging, increases lifespan, reaches the spirits. Grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians say: Grows on Mount Tai and Qinling, or Langya. Eighth and ninth months collect the fruit.

Case: Shuowen says: Shu, is shu, is shu. The fruit of shu is wrapped like a fur coat; jiao resembles zhuyu, originates from Huainanzi. Guangya says: Jiao, is zhuyu. Beishan Jing says: Jing Mountain abundantly produces Qin jiao. Guo Pu says: Fruit resembles jiao but leaves are small and fine. Erya says: General name, is da jiao. Guo Pu says: The present jiao tree grows in clumps, with large fruit, called general name. Also says jiao, chou. Guo Pu says: The fruit of yu gathers in a chamber-like form. Now Jiangdong also calls it KT, resembles zhuyu but smaller, red. Maoshi says: Jiao liao's fruit. Zhuan says: Jiao liao, is jiao. Lu Ji says: Jiao tree, resembles zhuyu, has thorns, leaves hard and glossy, Shu people use it to make tea, Wu people use it to make ming, both boil its leaves together to obtain fragrance. Fanzi Jiran says: Qin jiao, produced in Tianshui Longxi, fine ones, good quality. Huainanzi: Renjian Xun says: Shen jiao, du, are what beauties love to wear. Formerly written jiao, incorrect. According to Shanhaijing there is Qin jiao, grows in Wenxi Jingshan, then Qin, is not the Qin of the Qin region.

Shan zhu yu

Taste sour, nature neutral. Treats cardiac region lower pathogenic factors, alternating chills and fever, warms the center, disperses cold-damp bi, removes the three worms. Long-term, makes the body light. Also named Shu zao. Grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Shan zhu yu, also named Ba shi, also named Shu shi, also named Ji zu. Shennong, Huangdi, Leigong, Bianque say: taste sour, non-toxic; Qibo says: taste pungent; one classic says: taste sour. Some grow in Yuanju, Langya, or Donghai Cheng county. Leaves resemble plum tree, has thorny hairs, second month, flowers resemble apricot flowers; fourth month, fruit resembles sour jujube, red; fifth month collects the fruit (Yulan).

Famous Physicians say: Also named Ji zu, also named Ba shi, grows in Hanzhong and Langya, Yuanju, Donghai Cheng county. Ninth and tenth months collect the fruit, dried in the shade.

Zi wei

Taste sour (Yulan writes salty), nature slightly cold. Treats women's postpartum residual illness, flooding, abdominal masses and blood closure, alternating chills and fever causing body emaciation, can nourish the fetus. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Wu Pu" says: Ziwei, also known as Wuwei, also known as Qumai, also known as Lingjufu, also known as Guimu, also known as Longhua. Shennong and Lord Lei say: sour in flavor; Qibo says: acrid in flavor; Bianque says: bitter and salty; Huangdi says: sweet in flavor, non-toxic. Its root resembles wheat root and is black. Collected in the first and eighth months. Some grow in Zhending (from "Yulan").

"Famous Physicians" say: Also known as Lingtiao, also known as Longhua. Grows in Xihai and Shanyang.

Case: "Guangya" says: Ziwei is Lingtiao, also Qumai. "Erya" says: Tiao is Lingtiao. Guo Pu says: Also known as Lingshi. "Bencao" says: There are also yellow-flowered and white-flowered varieties. Guo Pu says: Tiao flowers, with different colors, have different names. "Maoshi" says: The flower of Tiao. "Commentary" says: Tiao is Lingtiao. "Fanzi Jiran" says: Ziwei is produced in Sanfu. Li Dangzhi says: It is the root of Qumai. According to Li, this matches "Guangya". However, the "Tang Ben" commentary citing "Erya" commentary contains the four characters "yiming Lingxiao", saying it is the Lingxiao flower. Lu Ji considers it to be Shuwei. I suspect both are incorrect, so I do not adopt them.

Zhuling

Flavor sweet, nature neutral. Governs malaria, relieves gu-du poison (in "Yulan" written as zhu, meaning insect infestation) and inauspiciousness, opens and benefits the water passage. Long-term, makes the body light and delays aging (in "Yulan" written as neng lao, can age). Also known as Zhushi. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Wu Pu" says: Zhuling, Shennong says: flavor sweet; Lord Lei says: flavor bitter, non-toxic (in "Yulan" cited as: resembles Fuling, some grow in Yuanju, collected in the eighth month).

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Hengshan and Jiyin Yuanju. Collected in the second and eighth months, dried in the shade.

Case: "Zhuangzi" says: Shiling. Sima Biao's commentary writes Shilang, saying: also known as Zhuling, root resembles a pig's egg, can be used to treat wasting-thirst.

Baiji

Flavor acrid, nature cold. Governs heart and abdominal pain, carbuncle swelling with pus drainage, stops pain. Also known as Jizhen. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Also known as Jici. Grows in Yongzhou.

Case: "Shuowen" says: Ji is a small jujube tree growing in thickets. "Erya" says: Mao is Dianji. Sun Yan says: also known as Baiji. Li Dangzhi says: This is the thorn of the sour jujube tree. Nowadays people use the seedling of Tianmendong to substitute for it, which is not genuine. Case: "Jing" says: Tianmendong, also known as Dianle. Le and Ji have similar sounds, so the current use of it is not without reason.

Longyan

Flavor sweet, nature neutral. Governs the five viscera evil qi, stabilizes the spirit and resolve, eliminates aversion to food. Long-term, strengthens the hun and po, sharpens the ears and eyes, lightens the body, delays aging, and communicates with the divine intelligence. Also known as Yizhi. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Wu Pu" says: Longyan, also known as Yizhi. "Yaoshu" says: also known as Bimu (from "Yulan").

"Famous Physicians" say: Among them, the large ones resemble Binglang. Grows on pine trees in Nanhai. Collected in the fifth month, dried in the shade.

Case: "Guangya" says: Yizhi is Longyan. Liu Da's commentary on "Wudu Fu" says: Longyan resembles litchi but is smaller, round like a pellet, flavor sweet, surpassing litchi. Cangwu, Jiaozhi, Nanhai, Hepu all present it as tribute, and mountain people also plant it.

Songluo

Flavor bitter, nature neutral. Governs evil qi arising from anger, stops deficiency sweating and head wind, women's yin cold and swelling conditions. Also known as Nüluo. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Xiong'er Mountain.

Case: "Guangya" says: Nüluo is Songluo. "Maoshi" says: Niao and Nüluo. "Commentary" says: Nüluo and Tusong are Songluo. Lu Ji says: Songluo clings to pine trees by itself, its branches are pure green, different from Tusong.

Weimao

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs women's uterine bleeding, abdominal distension with sweating, dispels evil qi, kills ghost toxicity and insect-infestation gu. Another name is Guijian. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Wu Pu" says: Guijian, another name is Weimao. Shennong, Huangdi, and Tongjun: flavor bitter, non-toxic. Leaves, resembling peach leaves like feathers, collected in the first, second, and seventh months, dried in the shade. Some grow in fields (from "Yulan").

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Huoshan. Collected in the eighth month, dried in the shade.

Case: "Guangya" says: Guijian is Shenjian. Tao Hongjing says: Its stem has three feathery appendages, shaped like arrow feathers.

Hehuan

Flavor sweet, nature neutral. Chiefly stabilizes the five viscera, benefits the heart-mind (in "Yiwen Leiju" written as "harmonizes the heart-mind", in "Yulan" written as "harmonizes heart qi"). Makes people joyful and without worry. Long-term, lightens the body, brightens the eyes, and fulfills desires. Grows in mountain valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Yizhou.

Case: "Tang Ben" commentary says: Some call it Hehun; Huan and Hun have similar sounds. "Rihuazi" says: Yehe.

Above, wood category, middle grade, seventeen varieties, same as the old edition.

Baima Jing

Flavor salty, nature neutral. Governs injury of the center with pulse exhaustion, inability of the yin organ to rise, strengthens the will, supplements the primal qi, increases muscle, makes the body fat and healthy, enables bearing of offspring. Eyes: govern fright epilepsy, abdominal distension, malaria; should be used after killing. Suspended hoof: governs fright evil, convulsions, difficult labor, dispels evil qi, ghost toxicity, gu-infestation, and inauspiciousness. Grows in... "Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Yunzhong.

Lurong

Flavor sweet, nature warm. Governs leaking of foul blood, cold and heat, fright epilepsy, supplements the primal qi, strengthens the will, grows teeth, delays aging. Horn: governs malignant sores and carbuncle swelling, expels evil qi, and retained blood in the yin.

"Famous Physicians" say: Rong, taken when shedding antlers in the fourth and fifth months, dried in the shade; when using, let it dry thoroughly. Horn, collected in the seventh month.

Niujiao

Governs lower obstruction and blood, stagnant blood pain, women's vaginal discharge with blood. Marrow: supplements the center, fills the marrow. Long-term, increases lifespan. Gallbladder: can... Case: "Shuowen" says: , the bone within the horn.

Guyang Jiao

Flavor salty, nature warm. Governs green-blindness, brightens the eyes, kills scabies insects, stops cold diarrhea, dispels evil ghosts, tigers, and wolves, stops palpitations. Long-term, calms the heart, boosts qi, lightens the body. Grows in rivers and valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Hexi. Collected without fixed time.

Case: "Shuowen" says: Gu, a summer sheep, a female sheep is called Gu. "Erya" says: A female sheep is called Gu. Guo Pu says: Nowadays people conveniently use Zang and Gu as names for black and white sheep.

Mugou Yinjing

Flavor salty, nature neutral. Governs injury of the center, yin atrophy with inability to rise, makes it strong, hot, long, and capable of reproduction, removes women's twelve types of vaginal discharge conditions. Another name is Goujing.

Gallbladder: governs brightening the eyes.

"Famous Physicians" say: Taken in the sixth month during the first fu period, dried in the shade for one hundred days.

Lingyang Jiao

Flavor salty, nature cold. Governs brightening the eyes, boosting qi, raising the yin, dispels evil blood and discharge below, removes gu-poison and evil ghosts and inauspiciousness, calms heart qi, often not severely averse to sleep. Grows in rivers and valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Shicheng and Huayin Mountain, collected without fixed time.

Case: "Shuowen" says: Ling, a large goat with fine horns. "Guangya" says: fine hide, Ling horn. "Erya" says: Ling, a large goat. Guo Pu says: Ling resembles a goat but is larger, its horns are round and pointed, it likes to be among cliffs. Tao Hongjing says: "Erya" names it Yuan yang. According to "Shuowen" says: Xian, a mountain goat with fine horns, from rabbit foot, with Mu as sound, all Xian types follow Xian. According to the Bencao commentary, Xian yang resembles Ling yang, its horns have forks, commonly written as Yuan. "Erya" says: Yuan, like a sheep. Guo Pu says: Yuan resembles Wu sheep but with large horns, the horns are oval, produced in the west. Xian is the correct character for Yuan. However, the character Ling in "Bencao Jing" is actually a vulgar writing of the character Ling, and should be based on Ling. The "Erya" explanatory text cites the Bencao, writing it as Ling.

Xi Jiao

Flavor bitter, nature cold. Governs the hundred toxins, insect-infestation gu, evil ghosts, zhang-qi, kills Goutwen, Zhenyu, and snake poison, dispels non-confusion or aversion to sleep. Long-term, lightens the body.

Grows in mountain valleys.

"Famous Physicians" say: Grows in Yongchang and Yizhou.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Rhino, a bovine from beyond the southern border, with one horn on the nose and one on the top of the head, resembling a pig.” The Erya says: “Rhino, resembles a pig.” Guo Pu says: “Its form is like a water buffalo, with a pig’s head and a large belly; its legs are lame, with three hoofs on each foot, black in color; it has three horns—one on the top of the head, one on the nose, and one on the forehead. The horn on the nose is the food horn. It is small and oval-shaped, and it likes to eat thorns. There are also cases with a single horn.” The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: “Qin’gu Mountain has many white rhinos.” Guo Pu says: “These, along with the cold-repelling, anger-dissolving, dust-repelling, and heat-repelling rhinos, are all different species.” The Fanzi Ji Ran says: “Rhino horn comes from the Nan Commandery; the top quality costs eight thousand, the medium three thousand, and the lower one thousand.”

Upper animals, middle grade, seven kinds. Same as the old edition.

Swallow dung

Flavor: acrid; nature: neutral. It primarily treats gu poison and ghost-inflicted ailments, drives away unpropitious evil qi, breaks up the five types of urinary blockages, and promotes urination. It grows in level valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows on high mountains.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Swallow, the dark bird. It has an open mouth, spread wings, and a forked tail, depicted in pictograph. It builds nests, avoiding the days of wu and ji; yi, the dark bird. In Qi and Lu, it is called yi, taking its name from its self-call, depicted in pictograph. Sometimes written as luan.” The Erya says: “Swallow, luan.” The Xia Xiaozheng says: “In the second month, it descends; the swallow then looks askance.” The commentary says: “Swallow, is yi; in the ninth month, it ascends as the dark bird, entering hibernation.” The commentary says: “The dark bird is the swallow.”

Bat dung

Flavor: acrid; nature: cold. It primarily treats facial abscesses and swellings, skin that feels painful when washed, blood and qi in the intestines, breaks up cold and heat accumulations, and removes palpitations and fright. Another name is shu, another name is shi gan. It grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in Hepu. Collected in the tenth and twelfth months.

Note: Li Dangzhi says: This is the dung of the flying bat. Li says: “Bat, in the Dialects, is also called xian shu.”

Note: The current edition of the Dialects says: “Some call it old mouse; this should be a mistake for the character tian.”

Upper birds, middle grade, two kinds. Same as the old edition.

Hedgehog skin

Flavor: bitter; nature: neutral. It primarily treats the five kinds of hemorrhoids, yin erosion, bloody discharge of five colors, unceasing bloody fluids, yin swelling, and pain that radiates to the lower back. Kill it by boiling in wine. It grows in rivers and valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in the fields of Chu Mountain. Collected at no fixed time.

Note: The Shuowen says: “KT, resembles a porcupine; sometimes written as wei.” The Guangya says: “Hu wang, is wei.” The Erya says: “Hui, hairy and thorny.” Guo Pu says: “Now it is said to resemble a mouse in form.” The Huainanzi·Shuolin Xun says: “A magpie’s arrow hits a wei.”

Wasp nest

Flavor: bitter; nature: neutral. It primarily treats fright epilepsy and convulsions, cold and heat evil qi, malaria, ghost essence and gu poison, and intestinal hemorrhoids. Prepared by roasting over fire, its effect is good. Another name is feng chang.

It grows in mountain valleys.

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is bai chuan, another name is feng. It grows in Ke. Collected on the seventh day of the seventh month, dried in the shade.

Note: The Huainanzi·Fanlun Xun says: “A wasp nest does not contain eggs.” Gao You says: “Fang, is the nest.”

Turtle shell

Flavor: salty; nature: neutral. It primarily treats hard accumulations and masses in the heart and abdomen, cold and heat, removes lumps, polyps, yin erosion, hemorrhoids, and malignant flesh. It grows in ponds and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in Danyang, collected at no fixed time.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Turtle, a shelled insect.”

Crab

Flavor: salty; nature: cold. It primarily treats chest evil qi, hot knots causing pain, and facial deviation with swelling. Burn it with decayed lacquer to attract mice. It grows in ponds and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in various waters of Yiluo, collected at no fixed time.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Crab, has two pincers and eight feet, moves sideways; without the burrows of snakes or eels, it cannot find shelter. Sometimes written as xi, which is xie.” The Xunzi·Diligence in Learning says: “The crab has six feet and two pincers, yet without the burrows of snakes or eels, it cannot lodge itself.” The Guangya says: “Bu xie, is xie.” The Erya says: “Xie, the small ones are called li.” Guo Pu says: “Some say li is pang, which resembles a crab but is smaller.”

Cicada from the willow tree

Flavor: salty; nature: cold. It primarily treats infantile fright epilepsy, night crying, epilepsy, and cold and heat. It grows on willows and poplars.

The Famous Physicians say: Collected in the fifth month, steamed dry.

Note: The Shuowen says: “The cicada that sings from the side is the tiao chan.” The Guangya says: “KT, is chan; fu yu, is the molt.” Formerly written as zha chan. The Bielu says: “Zha, is the singing cicada. Its shell, another name is chan. Also called fu.” Note: Zha is the character zuo. The Zhouli·Kaogong Ji says: “Extravagant, then zuo.” Zheng Xuan says: “Zuo, read as the sound za za ran, a loud voice that projects outward.” The Shuowen says: “Zhu, a loud sound, same sound as zuo; now based on this, it is written as zuo. Zuo chan is the tiao that sings in the fifth month.” The Xia Xiaozheng says: “In the fifth month, the good tiao sings.” Commentary: “Good tiao, with five colors complete.” The Erya says: “Tiao, lang tiao.” The Maoshi says: “Like tiao.” Commentary: “Tiao, is chan.” The Dialects says: “In Chu, it is called tiao; between Song and Wei, it is called tang tiao; between Chen and Zheng, it is called lang tiao; between Qin and Jin, it is called chan; between Hai and Dai, it is called KT.” The Lunheng says: “The cicada is born from the molt, splitting its back to emerge.” And the Yupian says: “Zha chan, born in the seventh month.” Tao Hongjing: “The sound zha is read as zuo, saying chan is the cold cicada of the Yueling, what the Erya calls, the Tang Ben note criticizes it.”

Grub

Flavor: salty; nature: slightly warm. It primarily treats static blood, blood stasis (the Taiping Yulan writes blood zhang), blocked qi, fractures, static blood lodged under the ribs causing hard distention and pain, amenorrhea, clouding of vision due to cataracts, and blue cataracts and white membranes. Another name is qi. It grows in level fields and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: Another name is qi, also called bo qi. It grows in the accumulated dung of households in the Henei region. Collected at no fixed time. Those that move backwards have good effects.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Qi, is qi cao; you, is you qi; xie, is you qi.” The Guangya says: “Zhi, qi, di can, du, qi cao.” The Erya says: “Qi, qi cao.” Guo Pu’s note says: “In dung and earth.” Also says: “You qi, xie.” Guo Pu’s note says: “In trees.” Now although generally called xie, the places they are found differ. Also says: “Xie, qi.” Guo Pu’s note says: “The bagworm in trees. Xie, the borer in mulberry trees.” Guo Pu’s note says: “It is jie jue.” The Maoshi says: “Neck like you qi.” Commentary: “You qi, is the xie insect.” The Dialects says: “Qi cao, is called qi. East of the Hangu Pass, it is called you qi, some call it can qi; between Liangzhou and Yizhou, it is called qi, some call it xie, some call it zhi; between Qin and Jin, it is called du, some call it tian lou.” The Liezi·Tianrui Pian says: “The root of the wuzu becomes qi cao.” The Bowuzhi says: “Qi cao moves with its back, faster than with its feet.” The Shuowen does not have this character; it should borrow the character “qi” as a substitute. The sounds are close; it is a scribal error.

Cuttlefish bone

Flavor: salty; nature: slightly warm. It primarily treats women’s flooding and spotting, red and white vaginal discharge, irregular menstruation, blocked blood flow, yin erosion with swelling and pain, alternating cold and heat, masses and accumulations, and infertility. It grows in ponds and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in the Eastern Sea. Collected at no fixed time.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Qi, is wu qi, a fish name; sometimes written as ji.” The Zuosi Fu mentions wu zei. Liu Kui’s note says: “The wu zei fish has ink in its belly.” Tao Hongjing says: “This is transformed from the qi wu; now its mouth and feet still exist, and they are still similar.”

White stiff silkworm

Flavor: salty. It primarily treats infantile fright, epilepsy, night crying, removes the three worms, reduces facial black spots, improves complexion, and treats male yin ulceration. It grows in level fields and marshes.

The Famous Physicians say: It grows in Chuan. Collected in the fourth month from naturally dead ones.

Note: The Shuowen says: “Silkworm is an insect that spins silk.” The Huainanzi·Shuolin Xun says: “The silkworm only eats but does not drink water; after twenty-two days, it transforms.” The Bowuzhi says: “The silkworm has three transformations; first it becomes pregnant, then mates. Those that do not mate can also produce offspring; the offspring later become qi, all without eyebrows or eyes, easily injured, and the yield is also small.” The Yupian writes jiang can; this should be the character jiang; formerly written as qiang, which is incorrect.

Fish shell

Flavor: acrid; nature: slightly warm. It primarily treats hard masses and accumulations in the heart and abdomen, hidden hard lumps, accumulations, alternating cold and heat, women’s flooding, discharge of blood in five colors, pain radiating between the lower abdomen and genitals, sores and scabies, and dead flesh. It grows in ponds and marshes.

Famous Physicians say: It grows in the South Sea. There is no fixed time for collecting it.

Case: The Shuowen says: The shan is a fish-stone, its skin can be used to make drums. The tuōxī is an aquatic insect, resembling a lizard, and it easily grows large. Tao Hongjing says: The shé is the tuó shell.

Chǔjī ()

Flavor: bitter. Nature: balanced. It primarily treats evil qi in the heart and abdomen, impotence, supplements and boosts essential qi, enhances memory, enables one to have children, improves complexion, supplements the middle burner, and makes the body light and agile. It grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians say: It grows on chǔ (tree-of-heaven) trees in the Henei region. It is collected in the seventh month and dried in the sun.

Case: The Guangya says: chǔjiū is chǔjī. The Erya says: , is the heavenly chicken. Li Xun says: Another name is suānjī. Guo Pu says: A small insect, black body, red head, another name is shājī, also called chǔjī. The Maoshi says: In the sixth month, the shājī vibrates its wings. Lu Ji says: Shājī resembles a locust but has markings, with several layers of hairy wings; one layer of wings is pure red, and some call it the heavenly chicken. In the middle of the sixth month, it flies and vibrates its wings, making a suǒsuǒ sound. People in Youzhou call it púcuò—that is it.

Kuòyú ()

Flavor: salty. Nature: cold. It treats deviation and pì caused by thief winds, sinew and vessel spasms and pulling, as well as prolapse of the anus, fright epilepsy, convulsions, and curling up. Another name is línglí. It grows in marshes and ponds.

Famous Physicians say: Another name is tǔ , also called fù . It grows in large mountains and in shaded places under sandy rocks and walls. Collected in the eighth month.

Case: The Shuowen says: yú is hǔyú. luǒ is another name for hǔyú. The Guangya says: lǐluǒ is wōniú, yú. The Zhongshan Jing says: On Qingyao Mountain, there are many pú lěi. Guo Pu's commentary says: pú lěi is wōniú. In the Zhouli, the biērén supply luǒ for sacrifices. Zheng Xuan's commentary says: luǒ is yú. The Erya says: luǒ is yú. Guo Pu's commentary says: It is wōniú. Famous Physicians say: They separately created a separate entry for wōniú—this is incorrect.

In old texts it was written as kuò, which is not found in the Shuowen. According to the Yupian, kuò is kuòdōng, and it is known that this is a variant of huódōng; therefore, it should be written as huó.

Shílóngzǐ ()

Flavor: salty. Nature: cold. It treats the five types of lín lóng, evil qi accumulations and bindings, breaks up stone lín, promotes discharge of blood, and facilitates the passage of urine and the waterway. Another name is xīyì. It grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Shílóngzǐ is another name for shǒugōng, also called shíyì, also called shílóngzǐ (from Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians say: Another name is shānlóngzǐ, also called shǒugōng, also called shíyì. It grows among rocks in Pingyang and on Jing Mountain. Collected in the fifth month, placed on stones, and allowed to dry.

Case: The Shuowen says: xī is a type of insect, the xīyì. yì is xīyì, tíng, shǒugōng, pictographic. , the one on walls is called tíng; the one in the grass is called xīyì, sometimes written as , róng ; shé: physicians use its call to inject (or: physicians use it to make a sound for injection). The Guangya says: hājiě is , kē, xīyì. The Erya says: róngyuán is xīyì; xīyì is tíng; tíng is shǒugōng. The Maoshi says: Why is it huǐyì. The Commentary says: yì is yuán. Lu Ji says: huǐyì is another name for róngyuán, that is yì, some call it shéyī, it resembles xīyì, blue-green, about the size of a finger, ugly in shape. The Fangyan says: shǒugōng, in Qin, Jin, and Xixia it is called shǒugōng, some call it , some call it xīyì; those in the water are called yìxī; in Southern Chu it is called shéyī, some call it róngyuán; in Dongqi and between Haidai it is called ; in Beiyan it is called zhùtíng; in Guilin, the large ones that can call are called gējiè.

Mùméng ()

Flavor: bitter. Nature: balanced. It primarily treats redness and swelling of the eyes, shāng tearing, stagnant blood, blood movement obstruction, cold and heat with aching, and infertility. Another name is húncháng. It grows in marshes and streams.

Famous Physicians say: It grows in Hanzhong. Collected in the fifth month.

Case: The Shuowen says: méng is a biting flying insect. The Guangya says: is méng, this is a simplified form. The Huainanzi·Qisuxun says: The chài in water transforms into máng. Gao You's commentary says: It is qīnglíng. Also, the Shuowen Xun says: méng* can disperse stagnant blood.

Fēiméng ()

Flavor: bitter. Nature: slightly cold. It primarily treats expelling stagnant blood, attacking and breaking up blood accumulations, hard masses, zhēngjiǎ, cold and heat, and unblocking the blood vessels and the nine orifices. It grows in mountain valleys.

Famous Physicians say: It grows in Jiangxia. Collected in the fifth month. Those with blood in their abdomen have the best medicinal effect.

Fēilián ()

Flavor: salty. Nature: cold. It primarily treats blood stasis (the Taiping Yulan citation says: expels and moves blood), zhēngjiǎ hardness, cold and heat, breaks up accumulations, throat blockage, internal cold, and infertility. It grows in marshes and streams.

Wu Pu says: The fēilián insect, Shennong and Huangdi say: treats cold and heat in women (from Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians say: It grows in Jinyang and among people's houses. Collected at the beginning of autumn.

Case: The Shuowen says: is lú, . fěi is a stinking insect, fù . is KT. The Guangya says: fēi is fēilián. The Erya says: fěi is . Guo Pu's commentary says: It is the fùpán stinking insect. The Tang Bencao commentary says: People in Hanzhong eat it to move qi, calling it shíjiāng, another name is lú , another name is fùpán. In old texts it was written as lián. According to Xing Bing's commentary on the Erya, this is written as lián.

Chóng () [Tǔbiē]

Flavor: salty. Nature: cold. It primarily treats cold and heat in the heart and abdomen, a feeling of being washed with cold water, blood accumulations, zhēngjiǎ, breaks up hardness, moves blood blockages, enables one to have children, and is very effective. Another name is tǔbiē (ground beetle). It grows in marshes and streams.

Famous Physicians say: Another name is tǔbiē. It grows in Hedong and in sand, under the walls of people's houses, and in damp places in the earth. Collected in the tenth month, dried in the sun.

Case: The Shuowen says: chóng insect belongs to the class, with eyes . The Guangya says: fù is . The Erya says: cǎochóng is fù . Guo Pu's commentary says: It is chángyáng. The Maoshi says: cǎochóng. The Commentary says: cǎochóng is chángyáng*. Lu Ji says: Its size and length are like a locust. It has a peculiar sound, is blue, and likes to be in thatch.

Fúyì ()

Flavor: salty. Nature: balanced. It primarily treats blurred vision, brightens the eyes, and allows one to see clearly at night with a bright light. Long-term taking makes one happy and joyful, with a good appearance, and without worry. Another name is biānfú (bat). It grows in mountain valleys (formerly classified under the bird section; now moved here).

Wu Pu says: Fúyì sometimes grows among people's houses. After the beginning of summer, dried in the shade, it treats blurred vision and enables one to see at night (from Yiwu Leiju).

Famous Physicians say: It grows on Mount Tai and among people's houses. Collected after the beginning of summer, dried in the shade.

Case: The Shuowen says: biān is biānfú; fú is biānfú, fúyì. The Guangya says: fúyì is fēishǔ, xiānshǔ, . The Erya says: biānfú is fúyì. The Fangyan says: biānfú, east of Hangu Pass, is called fúyì, some call it fēishǔ, some call it lǎoshǔ, some call it xiānshǔ; west of Hangu Pass, between Qin and Long, it is called biānfú; in Beiyan it is called . Li Dangzhi says: It is tiānshǔ.

The above are insects and fish, middle grade, a total of seventeen types. In old texts, there were sixteen types. Upon investigation, the fúyì from the bird section should be placed here.

Méi Shí ()

Flavor: sour. Nature: balanced. Its main effects are to descend qi, clear heat evil, vexation, and distention and fullness in the chest and abdomen, calm the spirit, treat pain in the limbs, hemiplegia, numbness and lack of sensation in the skin and flesh, necrotic muscle, remove blackish-blue moles, and malignant epidemic diseases. It grows in mountain valleys.

Wu Pu says: Méi shí (in Daguan Bencao it is méi hé) can brighten the eyes, supplement and boost qi and strength (from Taiping Yulan), and eliminate hunger (from Daguan Bencao citing Wu's Bencao).

Famous Physicians say: It is produced in Hanzhong. Collected in the fifth month, dried over fire.

Investigation: The Shuowen Jiezi says: KT is a type of dried plum, sometimes written as KT. Mǒu is a sour fruit. It uses méi to represent the nán tree. The Erya says: méi is nán. Guo Pu's commentary says: It resembles an apricot, the fruit is sour—this is using mǒu to annotate méi. The Zhouli records: The biānrén is in charge of offerings of food; what is placed in the biān includes gān KT. Zheng Xuan's commentary says: gān KT is dried plum. There are táo zhū and méi zhū—these are all dried fruits. The Maoshi correct meaning says: méi is sun-dried and made into jerky, placed in broth, and people hold it in their mouths to fragrance the breath (from Daguan Bencao).

The above fruits category, middle grade one kind. The old edition is the same.

Large Soybean Sprout

Taste sweet, nature neutral. Governs treating damp bi, sinew and vessel tense spasms, knee pain.

Raw Soybean: Externally applied to treat abscesses and swellings; boiled juice consumed, can kill ghost toxins, stop pain.

Red Adzuki Bean: Governs promoting water and reducing swelling, expelling pus and blood from abscesses. Grows on level ground.

Wu Pu says: Soybean sprout, Shennong, Huangdi, and Leigong consider: non-toxic. Collection has no fixed time. Can remove facial dark spots. Combined with Qianhu, Wuhui, Xingren, Muli, Tianxiong, and mouse droppings, mixed together with honey, the effect is very good. Does not like to be used with Haizao or Longdan. This method uses the product of soybeans just sprouting yellow shoots. Raw soybean, Shennong and Qibo consider: raw or cooked use, nature cold. Collected in the ninth month. Can resolve the toxicity of black beans; none of them should be used with Yuanshen. Red adzuki bean, Shennong and Huangdi consider: taste salty; Leigong considers: taste sweet. Collected in the ninth month (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians say: Produced in Mount Tai. Collected in the ninth month.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Jiao, is a bean type, the character shape resembles the appearance of beans growing; Bi, is small beans. Huo, is the tender leaves of beans. Guangya says: Large beans, called jiao; small beans, called bi; bean pods, called jia; bean leaves, called huo. Erya says: Rong shu, called ren shu. Sun Yan's commentary: it is large beans.

Millet Grain

Taste salty, nature slightly cold. Main effect is to nourish kidney qi, clear heat from the stomach and spleen, supplement and boost qi strength. Aged millet grain, taste bitter, governs stomach heat, wasting-thirst, promotes smooth urination (Daguan Bencao writes it in black characters; supplemented based on Wu Pu).

Wu Pu says: Aged millet, Shennong and Huangdi consider: taste bitter, non-toxic. Treats spleen heat, thirst. Millet, can nourish kidney qi (Taiping Yulan).

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Su, is the fruit of fine grain. Sun Yan's commentary on Erya's "Ci Ji" says: it is millet; now people in Guanzhong call millet grain su mi, and so it is.

Sticky Millet Grain

Taste sweet, nature warm. Main effect is to supplement and boost center qi, but eating too much generates heat, causing restlessness (Daguan Bencao writes it in black characters; supplemented based on Wu Pu).

Wu Pu says: Sticky millet, Shennong considers: taste sweet, non-toxic. Collected in the seventh month, dried in the shade. Can supplement and boost center qi (Taiping Yulan).

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Shu, is a glutinous variety within the grain family. Because it is planted during the great heat season, it is called shu. Confucius said: Shu, can be used to brew wine; it is grain entering water to ferment. Guangya says: Ci, is shu dao; its ear is called he. Qimin Yaoshu quotes Fanshengzhi Shu saying: Planting sticky millet, avoid the chou day. Also says: Sticky millet is born on the si day, thrives on the you day, grows on the xu day, ages on the hai day, dies on the chou day, is controlled by the bingwu day, and avoids the chou, yin, and mao days. Note: Sticky millet is of the same category as proso millet.

The above rice and grain category, middle grade three kinds. The old edition has two kinds, large beans and small beans counted as two kinds, no millet grain or sticky millet grain. Now supplemented.

Smartweed Fruit

Taste pungent, nature warm. Main effect is to brighten the eyes, warm and supplement the middle burner, ward off wind cold, eliminate water qi, treat facial and eye swelling, and abscesses. Horse smartweed, can expel leeches from the intestines, lighten the body. Grows near water.

Wu Pu says: Smartweed fruit, has one name called Tian Liao, one name called Ye Liao, one name called Ze Liao (Yiwen Leiju).

Famous Physicians say: Produced in Lei Ze.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Liao, is a pungent vegetable, i.e., Qiang Yu. Qiang, is Qiang Yu, which is smartweed. Guangya says: Hong, Long, Bi, are all horse smartweed. Erya says: Qiang Yu, is smartweed. Guo Pu's commentary says: Yu Liao, is Ze Luo. Also says: Hong, is Long Gu. Among them, the large ones are called Gui. Guo Pu's commentary says: Commonly called Hong Cao as Long Gu, it is a sound shift. Mao Shi says: Damp lowlands have You Long. Mao's Commentary says: Long, is red grass. Lu Ji says: One name is Ma Liao, the leaves are large and red, growing in [text cuts off].

Scallion Seed

Taste pungent, nature warm. Main effect is to brighten the eyes, supplement and boost insufficiency of the middle burner. Its stem can be boiled into a decoction, governs cold damage with fever and aversion to cold, induces sweating, and treats facial and eye swelling due to wind stroke.

Chinese Chive

Taste pungent, nature warm. Governs metal wounds, and festering sores, can lighten the body, eliminate hunger, delay aging. Grows on level ground.

Famous Physicians say: Produced in Lu Mountain.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Xie, is a vegetable, leaves resemble leeks. Guangya says: Jiu, Xie, Qiao, their flowers are called Jing. Erya says: Xie, is Hong Hui. Guo Pu's commentary says: it is xie cai. Also says: Shan xie. Tao Hongjing says: Scallion and xie are different plants, but now they are combined into one entry. Since the Bencao Jing did not include leek, it is because they are of the same category.

Water Betony

Taste pungent, nature slightly warm. Main effect is to descend qi, remove halitosis, resolve toxins, dispel foul and turbid qi. Long-term, can unblock the spirit, lighten the body, delay aging. Grows in ponds and marshes.

Wu Pu says: Jie Zu, one name is Shui Su, one name is Lao Zu (Taiping Yulan).

Famous Physicians say: One name is Ji Su, one name is Lao Zu, one name is Jie Zu, one name is Jie Ju. Produced in Jiuzhen, collected in the seventh month.

Textual research: Shuowen Jiezi says: Su, is Gui Ren. Guangya says: Jie Zu, is Shui Su. Erya says: Su, is Gui Ren. Guo Pu's commentary says: Su, is a type of ren, therefore it is called Gui Ren. Fangyan says: Su, is also ren. East and west of Guanzhong, some call it su, some call it ren; in the areas of Zhou and Zheng, call it Gong Gui; south of the Yuan and Xiang rivers, call it Wei; among them, the small ones are called Rang Rou. Note: Rang Rou, is Xiang Ru, also called Xiang Rou. The Famous Physicians separately listed Xiang Ru as an entry, which is incorrect. The current zi su and bo he, etc., all belong to the su category. The Famous Physicians all separated them out.

The above vegetable category, middle grade three kinds. The old edition has four kinds; after textual research, scallion seed should be merged into the same entry as xie; now both jia su is moved into the herb category.