Book of Han, Volume 40
Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Volume 048
[Han Records, Volume 40] From the year Xuanwei Zhixu to the year Zhimeng Dahuangluo, a total of fourteen years.
Emperor Xiaohe, the second year of the Yongyuan era (Ren Chen year, 92 AD).
Spring, first month: Sent General of the Left Colonel of the Expeditionary Army, Geng Kui, to bestow the seal and ribbon upon Yu Chujian. Ordered Zhonglang Jiang Ren Shang to hold the tally and guard the garrison at Yiwu, following the precedent of the Southern Chanyu.
Initially, Zhou Rong, a native of Lujiang, was summoned to serve in Yuan An's household. When Yuan An submitted memorials impeaching Dou Xian and Dou Jing, as well as disputing the establishment of the Northern Chanyu, these memorials were all drafted by Zhou Rong. Dou's client, Grand Commandant Assistant Xu Yan, deeply resented him and threatened Zhou Rong, saying: "You are Yuan Gong's trusted strategist, opposing and impeaching the Dou clan. The fierce warriors and assassins of the Dou family fill the capital—you must be careful to guard yourself!" Zhou Rong said: "I, Zhou Rong, am a scholar who came alone from the region of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. To have the fortune to hold a court office, even if I am killed by the Dou clan, I am indeed willing!" He then admonished his wife and children: "If I suddenly encounter unforeseen disaster, do not prepare me for burial. I hope that with this insignificant, rotting corpse, I may awaken the court."
Third month, Guichou day: Si tu Yuan An died.
Intercalary third month, Dingchou day: Appointed Grand Master of Ceremonies Ding Hong as Si tu.
Summer, fourth month, Bingchen day: Dou Xian returned to the capital.
Sixth month, Wuxu Shuo day: A solar eclipse occurred. Ding Hong submitted a memorial, saying: "In the past, the Lü clan held great power, and the heir to the throne was nearly replaced; at the end of the Ai and Ping emperor eras, the ancestral temples could not receive sacrifices. Therefore, even if one has the kinship of the Duke of Zhou, without corresponding virtue, one cannot exercise such authority. Now, although General-in-Chief Dou Xian wishes to restrain himself and dares not overstep, yet the people far and near throughout the realm fearfully follow his will. When inspectors and two-thousand-stone officials are newly appointed, they must go to pay respects, seek an audience, and await a response. Even if they already hold the tally and seal and have received orders from the Shangshu tai, they dare not depart immediately, waiting for as long as several tens of days, turning their backs on the royal house and flocking to private authority. This is a sign that the sovereign's authority is and the minister's power is too strong. When the principles of human affairs are perverted below, the effect is manifested in Heaven above. Even if there are hidden plots, the spirits can see the truth and display celestial warnings to admonish the sovereign. It is easy to prevent the subtle and stop the gradual; saving the end is difficult. People never fail to overlook the minute and bring about great calamities. Out of kindness, they cannot bear to instruct; out of righteousness, they cannot bear to cut off. After the matter has passed, they realize it is a mirror for the future. Heaven cannot but be firm; if not firm, the three luminaries—sun, moon, and stars—will not shine. The sovereign cannot but be strong; if not strong, the hundred officials will become reckless. One should take advantage of this great celestial change to reform governance, correct errors, and thus comply with Heaven's will."
Bingchen day: Earthquakes occurred in thirteen commanderies and principalities.
Drought and locust plagues occurred.
The Dou clan—father, sons, and brothers—all held positions as Nine Ministers and Colonels, filling the court. Rang Hou Deng Die, Deng Die's younger brother Infantry Colonel Deng Lei, their mother Yuan, Dou Xian's son-in-law Archery Shooter Colonel Guo Ju, and Guo Ju's father Chief Steward of the Palace of Eternal Joy Guo Huang, all colluded with one another. Yuan and Guo Ju could both enter the imperial palace. Guo Ju gained the favor of Empress Dowager Dou, and together they plotted to murder the emperor. The emperor secretly learned of their scheme. At the time, Dou Xian and his brothers monopolized power. The emperor had no close contact with court officials, both internal and external; the only people he could associate with were eunuchs. The emperor believed that no one in the court, from top to bottom, did not rely on Dou Xian. Only the Regular Palace Attendant and Director of the Hooking Shield Bureau, Zheng Zhong, was cautious, alert, and calculating, and did not cling to the powerful and influential. The emperor therefore consulted with Zheng Zhong about executing Dou Xian. Because Dou Xian was outside the capital, the emperor feared he might start a rebellion, so he endured and did not act. It happened that Dou Xian and Deng Die both returned to the capital. At that time, the Prince of Qinghe, Liu Qing, received especially generous treatment and often entered the palace to stay overnight. The emperor was about to implement the plan to execute Dou Xian and wanted to obtain the "Biographies of Relatives by Marriage." But fearing those around him, he dared not send anyone to fetch it. He ordered Liu Qing to secretly seek it from the Prince of Qiancheng, Liu Kang. That night, he took it alone. He also ordered Liu Qing to relay a message to Zheng Zhong, seeking precedents for executing relatives by marriage. Gengshen day: The emperor personally went to the Northern Palace and ordered the Commandant of the Capital and the Five Colonels to lead troops to guard the Southern and Northern Palaces, close the city gates, and arrest Guo Huang, Guo Ju, Deng Die, and Deng Lei. They were all imprisoned and executed. He sent the Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace to confiscate Dou Xian's seal and ribbon as General-in-Chief, demoted him to Marquis of Guanjun, and ordered him to proceed to his fief, along with Dou Du, Dou Jing, and Dou Gui. Because of the Empress Dowager, the emperor did not want to execute Dou Xian publicly. He selected strict and capable chancellors to supervise them. When Dou Xian, Dou Du, and Dou Jing reached their fiefs, they were all forced to commit suicide.
Initially, the Grand Administrator of Henan, Zhang Pu, had repeatedly used the law to punish Dou Jing. After the Dou clan's downfall, Zhang Pu submitted a memorial, saying: "When Dou Xian and the others were favored and honored, the court officials flattered and clung to them, fearing they would not be able to keep up. All said that Dou Xian had received the late emperor's entrustment and possessed the loyalty of Yi Yin and Lü Shang. Some even compared Lady Deng to Wenmu. Now that the severe authority has been exercised, all again say they should be executed, without considering their actions before and after, or examining their original intentions. I observe that the Marquis of Xiayang, Dou Gui, has always harbored good intentions. Previously, when he spoke with me, he often showed a desire to fulfill his duty. He restrained and controlled his guests and retainers, and never committed offenses. I have heard that when emperors and kings punish their own flesh and blood, they follow the principle of 'three pardons.' It is better to treat them too generously than too harshly. Now, those who discuss the matter wish to select a strict and capable chancellor for Dou Gui, fearing he will be pressured and certainly cannot be preserved. They should consider showing leniency to promote the virtue of generosity." The emperor was moved by his words, and therefore only Dou Gui was spared. All members of the Dou clan and their guests who had obtained office through Dou Xian's influence were dismissed and returned to their home districts.
Initially, a servant of Ban Gu had once become drunk and insulted the Prefect of Luoyang, Zhong Jing. Zhong Jing then took the opportunity of arresting and interrogating Dou's guests to arrest Ban Gu, who died in prison. Ban Gu had written the Book of Han, but it was not yet completed. The emperor issued an edict ordering Ban Gu's sister, Ban Zhao, the wife of Cao Shou, to continue and complete it.
Hua Qiao commented: Ban Gu narrated historical events without being extreme or deceitful, without raising or lowering praise or blame. His content was abundant without being chaotic, detailed yet systematic, enabling readers to concentrate without tiring. He truly could achieve fame! Ban Gu criticized Sima Qian for deviating from the sages' standards in his judgments of right and wrong, yet in his own discussions, he often rejected those who died for righteousness and condemned upright individuals, without recounting the virtue of sacrificing oneself to achieve benevolence. Thus, his of benevolence and righteousness and his disdain for maintaining integrity were truly excessive!
Initially, when Dou Xian married, all commanderies and principalities throughout the realm sent congratulatory gifts. Hanzhong Commandery was also required to dispatch an official. Household Clerk Li He admonished, saying: "General Dou is a relative of the Empress. He does not cultivate virtue and propriety but arrogates power and acts arrogantly. The disaster of ruin can be awaited on tiptoe. I hope you will devote your heart to the royal house and not associate with him." The Grand Administrator insisted on dispatching someone. Li He could not him, so he requested to go himself. The Grand Administrator agreed. Li He then delayed along the way to observe the changes in the situation. When he reached Fufeng, Dou Xian had already been forced to proceed to his fief. All those who had associated with Dou Xian were implicated and dismissed from office. Only the Grand Administrator of Hanzhong was not implicated. The emperor bestowed upon the Prince of Qinghe, Liu Qing, slaves, carriages, horses, money, silks, and precious treasures, filling his residence. Sometimes when Liu Qing was unwell, the emperor inquired morning and evening, sending meals and medicines, and the care he showed was very thorough. Liu Qing was also cautious, respectful, and filial. Considering himself a deposed person, he was especially fearful of causing trouble and strictly adhered to the law, thus he was able to preserve his favor and emolument.
The emperor appointed Yuan An's son, Yuan Shang, as a Gentleman, and Ren Wei's son, Ren Tun, as Infantry Colonel. Zheng Zhong was promoted to Grand Prolonger of Autumn. When the emperor rewarded merits, Zheng Zhong always declined more and accepted less. The emperor therefore considered him virtuous and often discussed affairs of state with him. The rise of eunuchs to power began from this time.
Autumn, seventh month, Jichou day: Grand Commandant Song You, because he belonged to Dou Xian's faction, was ordered by edict to be dismissed. He committed suicide.
Eighth month, Xinhai day: Si kong Ren Wei died.
On the day Guichou (the 26th day), the Grand Minister of Agriculture Yin Mu was appointed Grand Commandant. The Grand Tutor Deng Biao, due to old age and illness, relinquished the duties of the central pivot of government. The Emperor issued an edict permitting this and ordered Yin Mu to replace Deng Biao in overseeing the affairs of the Secretariat.
Winter, tenth month, on the day Jihai (the 13th day), the Director of the Imperial Clan Liu Fang was appointed Minister of Works.
The Man barbarians of Wuling, Lingling, and Lizhong rebelled.
The Colonel Protecting the Qiang, Deng Xun, died. Officials, commoners, Qiang, and Hu came day and night to wail and mourn, numbering several thousand each day. Some Qiang and Hu cut themselves with knives, and also killed their dogs, horses, cattle, and sheep, saying: "Deng Envoy has died; let us die together with him!" Former subordinate Wuhuan officials and soldiers all ran on the roads, so that the city walls and settlements were emptied; officials seized them, but they would not listen, and reported the situation to Colonel Xu You (Xuyan). Xu You sighed and said: "This is for righteousness!" So he released them. Then every household established a shrine for Deng Xun, and whenever there was illness or pain, they would go to pray for blessings. The Grand Administrator of Shu Commandery, Nie Shang, replaced Deng Xun as Colonel Protecting the Qiang. He wished to use kindness to win over the various Qiang, so he sent interpreter envoys to summon Midang, allowing him to return and dwell in the Greater and Lesser Yugu Valleys. After Midang returned, he sent his grandmother Beique to pay respects to Nie Shang. Nie Shang personally escorted her to the frontier pass, held a farewell feast for her, and ordered the interpreter Tian Si and four others to escort her to her tribe. Midang then rebelled, and together with the various tribes, they flayed Tian Si and the others alive, used their blood to swear oaths and curses, and then invaded the Jincheng frontier pass. Nie Shang was therefore found guilty and dismissed from office.
Emperor Xiaohe, Fifth Year of the Yongyuan Era (Gui Si Year, 93 AD)
Spring, first month, on the day Yihai (the 30th day), sacrifices were made to the ancestors in the Bright Hall, and the Emperor ascended the Spiritual Tower. A general amnesty was declared.
On the day Wuzi (the 13th day), Liu Kang, the Jing Prince of Qiancheng, died.
On the day Xinmao (the 16th day), the Emperor's younger brother Liu Wansui was enfeoffed as the Prince of Guangzong.
On the day Jiayin (the 9th day), the Grand Tutor Deng Biao died.
On the day Wuwu (the 13th day), an earthquake occurred in Longxi.
Summer, fourth month, on the day Renzi (the 18th day), Liu Fang, the elder brother of Liu Chong, the Shang Prince of Fuli, was re-enfeoffed as the Prince of Fuli.
Ninth month, on the day Xinyou (the 28th day), Liu Wansui, the Shang Prince of Guangzong, died without sons. His princedom was abolished.
Initially, after Dou Xian had established Yuchujian as the Northern Chanyu, he wished to assist him in returning to the Northern Court. But this was halted just as Dou Xian was killed. Yuchujian rebelled on his own and returned north. The Emperor issued an edict dispatching the Chief Officer of the General of the Army, Wang Fu, leading over a thousand cavalry, together with Ren Shang, to pursue and attack him. They killed him and annihilated his followers. When Geng Kui defeated the Northern Xiongnu, the Xianbei took advantage of this to move about and occupy their lands. The remaining Xiongnu followers, still numbering over one hundred thousand tribes, all proclaimed themselves Xianbei. From this time on, the Xianbei gradually became powerful.
Winter, tenth month, on the day Xinwei (the 8th day), Grand Commandant Yin Mu died. Eleventh month, on the day Yichou (the 3rd day), the Grand Coachman Zhang Fu became Grand Commandant. Zhang Fu, together with the Imperial Secretary Zhang Min and others, submitted a memorial saying: "The Colonel of the Shooters of Sound, Cao Bao, has arrogantly established Han rituals, destroying and disturbing the Way of the Sages. He ought to be punished and executed." The memorial was submitted five times. The Emperor knew that Zhang Fu adhered to his doctrines and did not understand expediency. Although he shelved the memorial, the Han rituals were consequently not implemented.
This year, the army of Wuling Commandery defeated the rebellious Man people and forced them to submit.
Liu Chang, the Prince of Liang, together with his attendant Bian Ji, performed sacrifices and sought blessings. Bian Ji and others flattered him, saying: "The spirits say that the Great King ought to become the Son of Heaven." Liu Chang responded to him accordingly. This was reported to the authorities, who submitted a memorial requesting that he be arrested and imprisoned in the Imperial Prison. The Emperor did not consent, but only deprived him of two counties, Chengwu and Shanfu. Liu Chang, ashamed and fearful, submitted a memorial deeply reproaching himself, saying: "Your subject's nature is wild and foolish. I did not know to guard against prohibitions and warnings, and have fallen into a capital crime. According to reason, I ought to be publicly executed. Your Majesty, with sage virtue, has bent the law and shown special favor, pardoning me and bearing the stain for me. Your subject knows that such a great pardon cannot be obtained again. I swear to restrain myself, my wife, and my children, and will not dare to go out or violate the rules again, nor will I dare to incur any extra expenses. The tax revenues I have are surplus. I beg only to receive the salaries of the five counties of Suiyang, Gushu, Yu, Meng, and Ningling, and to return the remaining four counties that I have been eating from. Your subject's concubines number thirty-seven. Among them, those without children, I wish to send them back to their own families. I will select two hundred careful and obedient slaves myself. The rest of the Tiger Ben guards, official cavalrymen, various craftsmen, drummers and pipers, kitchen slaves, male and female servants, weapons and crossbows, and the horses in the stable, I will all return and hand over to the proper offices. Your subject, Liu Chang, being a close relative of the same flesh and bone, has disturbed the enlightened teachings and defiled the pure stream. Having been allowed to live, I truly have no face to continue dwelling in a great palace in my evil person, enjoying a large state, setting up official staff, and storing up implements. I hope Your Majesty will bestow grace and permit this." The Emperor issued an edict with kind words to console him, but did not agree.
The Colonel Protecting the Qiang, Guan You, sent interpreter envoys to sow discord among the various Qiang tribes, enticing them with goods and wealth. Because of this, the Qiang tribes dispersed. Then he sent troops out of the frontier pass, attacked Midang in the Greater and Lesser Yugu Valleys, beheaded and captured over eight hundred people, and seized several ten thousand hu of wheat. Then he built fortified walls along the Fengliu Great River, constructed large boats, and built a pontoon bridge, preparing to cross his troops to attack Midang. Midang led his tribes far away to migrate, attaching himself to the Cizhi River Bend.
The Chanyu, Dun Tuhe, died. An Guo, the younger brother of Chanyu Xuan, was established as Chanyu. An Guo had originally been the Wise King of the Left, but had no reputation. When he became Chanyu, the Chanyu's legitimate son, the Luli King of the Left, Shizi, was promoted in turn to Wise King of the Left. Shizi had always been brave and cunning, resourceful and decisive. The former Chanyu Xuan and Dun Tuhe both loved his spirit and decisiveness. They repeatedly sent him to lead troops beyond the frontier to attack the Northern Court. On his return, he received rewards, and the Son of Heaven also treated him with special favor. Therefore, everyone in the state respected Shizi and did not submit to An Guo. An Guo wished to kill him. Those newly surrendered Hu, who had been repeatedly driven and plundered by Shizi when they were outside the frontier, mostly resented him. An Guo then entrusted his plan to the surrendered men and plotted with them together. Shizi became aware of their scheme, so he lived separately on the border of Wuyuan. Whenever there was a council at the Dragon Court, Shizi would claim illness and not go. The General Who Crosses the Liao, Huangfu Leng, knew of this and also protected him, not sending him. The Chanyu was even more filled with resentment.
Emperor Xiaohe, Sixth Year of the Yongyuan Era (Jiawu Year, 94 AD)
Spring, first month, Huangfu Leng was dismissed from office. The Commandant of the Capital, Zhu Hui, was appointed Acting General Who Crosses the Liao. At that time, the Chanyu and the Central Palace Attendant Du Chong were on bad terms. The Chanyu then submitted a memorial accusing Du Chong. Du Chong hinted to the Grand Administrator of Xihe to intercept the Chanyu's memorial, so the Chanyu could not have it presented himself. Du Chong then, together with Zhu Hui, submitted a memorial saying: "The Southern Chanyu, An Guo, distances himself from the old Hu and draws near to the newly surrendered ones. He wishes to kill the Wise King of the Left, Shizi, and the Left Prince of the Juqu, Liu Li, and others. Furthermore, the surrendered people of the Right Division are plotting together to compel An Guo to raise troops and rebel. We request that Xihe, Shangjun, and Anding be put on alert and prepare for defense against this." The Emperor referred the matter to the dukes and ministers for deliberation. They all considered: "The Man and Yi are fickle. Although difficult to fathom, if a large army is assembled, they will certainly not dare to act rashly. Now, an envoy with strategy should be sent to the Chanyu's court, and together with Du Chong, Zhu Hui, and the Grand Administrator of Xihe, they should act with a united mind to observe his movements. If there are no other changes, they may order Du Chong and the others to go to An Guo's place to meet with his chief ministers, to censure those among his followers who are tyrannical and harm the border, and to collectively assess their crimes and execute them. If they do not obey the command, let them act according to circumstances and adopt a temporary plan. After the matter is concluded, rewards may be dispensed as appropriate. This will also be sufficient to awe the hundred Man tribes." The Emperor followed this advice. Then Zhu Hui and Du Chong dispatched troops to his court. An Guo, hearing at night that the Han army had arrived, was greatly alarmed, abandoned his tent, and fled. Then he raised troops, wishing to kill Shizi. Shizi knew of this in advance, so he led all his tents and men into Manbai City. An Guo pursued him to the city wall, but the city gates were closed and he could not enter. Zhu Hui sent an official to explain and reason with him, but An Guo would not listen. Since the city could not be taken, he led his troops and camped at Wuyuan. Du Chong and Zhu Hui then mustered cavalry from the various commanderies and pursued him very urgently. The people were all greatly frightened. An Guo's maternal uncle, the Gudu Marquess Xiwei and others, fearing they would be killed together, killed An Guo and established Shizi as the Tingdu Shihou Ti Chanyu.
On the day Jimao (the 16th day), the Minister over the Masses, Ding Hong, died.
Second month, on the day Dingwei (the 15th day), the Minister of Works, Liu Fang, was appointed Minister over the Masses, and the Grand Master of Ceremonies, Zhang Fen, was appointed Minister of Works.
Summer, fifth month, Liu Shu, the Huai Prince of Chengyang, died without sons. His princedom was abolished.
Autumn, seventh month, there was a drought in the capital.
The Protector General of the Western Regions, Ban Chao, mobilized troops from eight states, including Qiuci and Shanshan, totaling over seventy thousand men, to attack Yanqi. He reached its city walls, lured the King of Yanqi, Guang, and the King of Weili, Fan, among others, to the old city of Chen Mu, killed them, and sent their heads to the capital. He then let his soldiers plunder, beheading over five thousand people and capturing fifteen thousand. He appointed the Left Marquis of Yanqi, Yuanmeng, as the new King of Yanqi. Ban Chao remained in Yanqi for half a year to pacify them. Subsequently, over fifty states in the Western Regions sent hostages to submit, extending to the seacoast, a distance of forty thousand li, all presenting tribute through multiple translations.
The Southern Shanyu, Shizi, ascended the throne. Five to six hundred surrendered Hu attacked Shizi at night. The Anjiyuan, Wang Tian, led guards and soldiers to fight them and routed them. Consequently, the surrendered Hu alarmed one another, and over two hundred thousand people from fifteen tribes all rebelled. They coerced the son of the former Shanyu, Tun Tuhe, the Prince of Yudi, Feng Hou, into becoming Shanyu. They then killed and plundered officials and commoners, burned postal stations and felt tents, and headed toward Shuofang with wagons and baggage, intending to cross the desert northward. In the ninth month, on the day Guichou, the Emperor appointed the Guanglu Xun, Deng Hong, to act as General of Chariots and Cavalry, along with the Yueqi Colonel, Feng Zhu, and the acting Dulu General, Zhu Hui, leading troops from the Left and Right Yulin, the Five Northern Armies, and the Jishe troops and border troops from commanderies and states. The Wuhuan Colonel, Ren Shang, led the Wuhuan and Xianbei, totaling forty thousand men, to campaign against them. At that time, the Southern Shanyu and the Zhonglang Jiang, Du Chong, were stationed at the Mucheng Fortress. Feng Hou led over ten thousand cavalry to besiege them. In winter, the eleventh month, when Deng Hong and others arrived at Meiji, Feng Hou lifted the siege and departed, heading toward Manyi Valley. The Southern Shanyu sent his son with ten thousand cavalry and the four thousand cavalry under Du Chong, together with Deng Hong and others, to pursue Feng Hou at Dacheng Fortress, beheading over four thousand men. Ren Shang led the Xianbei and Wuhuan to intercept Feng Hou at Manyi Valley, again heavily defeating him, with a total of over seventeen thousand beheadings in the campaign. Feng Hou then led his forces out of the frontier, and the Han army, unable to pursue, returned.
The Grand Minister of Agriculture, Chen Chong, was appointed Tingwei. Chen Chong’s nature was benevolent and lenient. He often deliberated on difficult cases, always adhering to the classics and striving for leniency. The harsh atmosphere thus began to diminish somewhat.
The Emperor appointed the Shangshu Ling from Jiangxia, Huang Xiang, as the Grand Administrator of Dong Commandery. Huang Xiang declined, saying, “Governing a commandery and managing affairs is beyond my abilities. I request to remain in a minor post, be given a supervisory duty, and handle the tedious tasks within the palace.” The Emperor then retained Huang Xiang as Shangshu Ling, increased his salary to two thousand shi, and treated him with great favor and trust. Huang Xiang also handled affairs with diligence and reverence, worrying about public matters as if they were his own.
Emperor Xiaohe, the Second Year of Yongyuan (Yiwei, 95 CE)
Spring, the first month. Deng Hong and his forces returned. Feng Zhu led the Huyu Camp to remain at Wuyuan for agricultural colonization. Deng Hong was convicted of delaying and missing opportunities, imprisoned, and died. Later, the Emperor learned that Zhu Hui and Du Chong had lost the trust of the Hu and had also prohibited them from submitting memorials, leading to the Hu rebellion. Both were summoned, imprisoned, and died. Summer, the fourth month, on the day Xinsi, the first day of the month, a solar eclipse occurred.
Autumn, the seventh month, on the day Yisi, a ground fissure occurred in Yiyang.
Winter, the ninth month, on the day Guimao, an earthquake occurred in the capital.
The King of Lecheng, Liu Dang, was convicted of murder and had two counties, Dongguang and Qiao, stripped from him.
Emperor Xiaohe, the Third Year of Yongyuan (Bingshen, 96 CE)
Spring, the second month. The Noble Consort Yin was established as Empress. The Empress was the great-granddaughter of Yin Shi.
Summer, the fourth month, on the day Guihai, the Jing King of Lecheng, Liu Dang, died. His son, the Ai King, Liu Chong, succeeded him but soon died without issue, and the fief was abolished.
The fifth month. A locust plague occurred in Henei and Chenliu.
The Southern Xiongnu’s Right Wen’niyu King, Wuju Zhan, rebelled and went beyond the frontier. Autumn, the seventh month. The Dulu General, Pang Fen, and the Yueqi Colonel, Feng Zhu, pursued and defeated him, relocating the remnants of his followers, along with over twenty thousand surrendered Hu, to Anding and Beidi.
The King of the Later State of Dongshi, Zhuodi, rebelled and attacked the King of the Former State, Weibi Da, capturing his wife and children.
Winter, the ninth month. A locust plague occurred in the capital.
Winter, the tenth month, on the day Yichou, the King of Beihai, Liu Wei, because he was not the son of the Jing King of Beihai, and also convicted of slander, committed suicide.
The twelfth month, on the day Xinhai, the Jing King of Chen, Liu Xian, died.
On the day Dingsi, a fire occurred in the Xuanshi Hall of the Southern Palace.
The Colonel Protector of the Qiang, Guan You, died. The Grand Administrator of Hanyang, Shi Chong, was appointed to replace him. After Shi Chong arrived, he mobilized the Qiang and Hu from Huangzhong to go beyond the frontier and attack Mitang. Mitang met them in battle, defeated Shi Chong’s army, and killed several hundred men. Shi Chong was consequently recalled, and the Grand Administrator of Daijun, Wu Zhi, was appointed to replace him.
Emperor Xiaohe, the Fourth Year of Yongyuan (Dingyou, 97 CE)
Spring, the third month, on the day Gengchen, an earthquake occurred in Longxi.
On the day Guisi, the An King of Jinan, Liu Kang, died.
The Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Wang Lin, attacked the King of the Later State of Cheshi and killed him.
Summer, the fourth month, on the day Dingmao, Liu Xun, the son of the King of Lecheng, Liu Dang, was enfeoffed as King of Lecheng.
The fifth month. The Empress’s father, the Tunqi Colonel, Yin Gang, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wufang and allowed to return home with the title of Tejin.
The sixth month. Drought and locust plagues occurred.
Autumn, the eighth month. The Xianbei invaded Feiru. The Grand Administrator of Liaodong, Ji Shen, was convicted of military defeat, imprisoned, and died.
The intercalary month, on the day Xinsi, the Empress Dowager Dou passed away. Initially, after the death of Noble Consort Liang, the palace affairs were kept secret, and no one knew that the Emperor was born of the Liang clan. The son of the Wuyin Princess, Liang Hu, sent his cousin Liang Shi to present a memorial to the Three Offices, stating, “According to Han precedent, the maternal family is honored, but Noble Consort Liang gave birth to the Emperor yet received no title. Please deliberate on this matter.” The Grand Commandant, Zhang Fu, reported the situation. The Emperor was deeply moved and grieved for a long time, saying, “What do you think should be done?” Zhang Fu requested that the title of Noble Consort Liang be posthumously honored and that the various maternal uncles be appointed. The Emperor followed his advice. At that time, it happened that the elder sister of Noble Consort Liang, Liang Yi, the wife of Fan Tiao of Nanyang, submitted a plea on her own behalf, saying: “My father, Liang Song, died unjustly in prison, and his bones were not buried. My mother, over seventy years old, along with my younger brother Liang Tang and others, are far away in the extreme borderlands, their fate unknown. I hope permission is granted to collect Liang Song’s decaying bones and allow my mother and brother to return to their home commandery.” The Emperor summoned Liang Yi and then learned of the circumstances of Noble Consort Liang’s wrongful death. The Three Dukes submitted a memorial, “Requesting that, following the precedent of Emperor Guangwu demoting Empress Dowager Lü, the title of Empress Dowager Dou be reduced, and she not be buried together with the late Emperor.” Many officials also submitted memorials. The Emperor issued a personal edict, saying: “Although the Dou clan did not observe the laws, the Empress Dowager often restrained herself. I have served her for ten years, deeply considering the great principles. According to ritual, there is no provision for subjects to demote their superiors. In kindness, I cannot bear to separate from her; in righteousness, I cannot bear to diminish her. Examining the former dynasties, Empress Dowager Shangguan was also not demoted. Let there be no further discussion.” On the day Bingshen, the Empress Dowager Zhangde was buried.
The Shaodang Qiang, Mitang, led a force of eight thousand people to invade Longxi, coercing the various Qiang tribes within the frontier. He assembled a total of thirty thousand infantry and cavalry, defeated the Longxi army, and killed the Chief of Daxia County. The Emperor issued an edict appointing the Acting General of the Western Expedition, Liu Shang, with the Yueqi Colonel, Zhao Shi, as his deputy, leading a total of thirty thousand Han, Qiang, and Hu troops to campaign against them. Liu Shang stationed himself at Didao, and Zhao Shi at Fuhan. Liu Shang sent the Sima, Kou Yu, to supervise the troops from various commanderies, converging from all directions. Mitang became fearful, left the old and weak to fill the ranks, and fled south into Linyao. Liu Shang and others pursued him to the high mountains and heavily defeated Mitang, killing and capturing over a thousand men. Mitang retreated and departed. The Han army also suffered many casualties and could no longer pursue, so they returned.
Autumn, the ninth month, on the day Gengshen. The Situ, Liu Fang, was dismissed by an edict and committed suicide.
On the day Jiazi, Noble Consort Liang was posthumously honored as Empress Dowager, with the posthumous title Gonghuai, and mourning garments were worn. Winter, the tenth month, on the day Yiyou, Empress Dowager Liang and her elder sister, the Senior Noble Consort, were reinterred at Xiling. Fan Tiao was promoted to Yulin Zuo Jian. The father of the Empress Dowager, Liang Song, was posthumously enfeoffed and granted the posthumous title of Baoqin Min Hou. An envoy was sent to welcome his coffin, which was buried beside the tomb of Empress Dowager Gonghuai. Liang Song’s wife and children were summoned and returned. Liang Song’s son, Liang Tang, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Leping; Liang Tang’s younger brother, Liang Yong, as Marquis of Chengshi; and Liang Yong’s younger brother, Liang Di, as Marquis of Danfu. All were granted the rank of Tejin, with rewards amounting to tens of millions, and their favor and glory surpassed all others at the time. The Liang clan thus began to flourish.
Qinghe King Liu Qing finally dared to request to visit the tomb of his mother, Consort Song, on a grave-sweeping occasion. The emperor granted this and issued an edict for the Imperial Provisioner to supply sacrificial utensils for the four seasons. Liu Qing wept and said, “Though I could not serve her while she lived, I can at last offer sacrifices—my private wish is fulfilled!” He wanted to request the construction of an ancestral shrine but feared incurring suspicion of comparing himself to the revered Empress Liang Gonghuai, so he dared not speak of it. He often wept before those close to him, treating this as a lifelong regret. Later, he submitted a memorial: “My maternal grandmother, Lady Wang, is aged and requests permission to come to Luoyang for medical treatment.” Consequently, an edict ordered the entire Song clan to return to the capital, and Liu Qing’s maternal uncles Song Yan, Song Jun, Song Gai, and Song Xian were all appointed as gentlemen-attendants.
In the eleventh month, on the Guimao day, the Superintendent of the Imperial Household, Lü Gai of Henan, was appointed Minister over the Masses.
In the twelfth month, on the Bingyin day, Minister of Works Zhang Fen was dismissed. On the Renshen day, the Grand Coachman Han Leng was appointed Minister of Works.
The Protector-General of the Western Regions, Marquis of Dingyuan Ban Chao, dispatched his subordinate Gan Ying on a mission to Daqin (Rome) and Tiaozhi (Characene), reaching as far as the western edge of the sea—places never before visited by earlier generations. He recorded all the local customs and transmitted accounts of rare and exotic treasures. Upon arriving at the western border of Anxi (Parthia), facing the sea, he intended to cross it. The boatman said to Gan Ying, “The sea is vast; those who travel with a favorable wind can cross in three months, but with a slow wind, it may take two years. Thus, those who enter the sea all carry provisions for three years. At sea, one easily becomes homesick, and many die.” Gan Ying then stopped.
Under the Xiaohé Emperor, the ninth year of the Yongyuan era (wuxu, 98 CE).
In summer, in the fifth month, the capital experienced a great flood.
In autumn, in the seventh month, on the Jisi day, Minister of Works Han Leng died. In the eighth month, on the Bingzi day, the Grand Master of Ceremonies, Chao Kan of Taishan, was appointed Minister of Works.
In winter, in the tenth month, floods occurred in five provinces.
The Acting General of the Western Expedition, Liu Shang, and the Colonel of the Elite Cavalry, Zhao Shi, were convicted of cowardice, imprisoned, and dismissed from office. The Intermuncio Wang Xin took command of Liu Shang’s troops and stationed them at Fuhan, while the Intermuncio Geng Tan took over Zhao Shi’s camp and stationed at Baishi. Geng Tan then offered rewards, and many of the tribes came to submit. Mitang, fearing this, requested surrender; Wang Xin and Geng Tan accepted the surrender and withdrew their troops. In the twelfth month, Mitang and his followers led their tribe to the capital to present tribute.
On the Wuyin day, Liang Jie King Liu Chang died. Initially, when the Marquis of Juchao, Liu Ban, died, his son Liu Kai should have inherited the title. Liu Kai claimed to follow his father’s dying wish, yielding the title to his younger brother Liu Xian, and fled for a long time. The relevant authorities submitted a memorial requesting the termination of Liu Kai’s fief. Emperor Suzong (Zhang) praised his righteous conduct and specially showed leniency, but Liu Kai still did not come forth. After more than ten years, the authorities again submitted a memorial on this matter. Attendant-in-ordinary Jia Kui submitted a memorial saying: “Confucius said, ‘If one can govern the state with ritual yielding, what difficulty is there?’ The authorities do not consider his intention to delight in doing good but bind him with conventional laws—I fear this cannot encourage the spirit of yielding or achieve a culture of tolerance and generosity.” The emperor adopted his opinion and issued an edict: “The royal law esteems good deeds and completes others’ virtuous acts; permit Liu Xian to inherit the title. This is a provisional measure based on circumstances, and it shall not be taken as a precedent hereafter.” Then Liu Kai was summoned and appointed as a gentleman-attendant.
The Southern Chanyu Shizi died, and Tan, the son of Chanyu Zhang, succeeded, becoming the Wanshi Shizhudi Chanyu.
Under the Xiaohé Emperor, the eleventh year of the Yongyuan era (jihai, 99 CE).
In summer, in the fourth month, on the Bingyin day, a general amnesty was granted throughout the empire.
During a court assembly, the emperor summoned various Confucian scholars and had the Palace Grandee Lu Pi debate with Attendant-in-ordinary Jia Kui, Prefect of the Masters of Writing Huang Xiang, and others on several issues. The emperor found Lu Pi’s arguments excellent. After the session, he specially bestowed on him robes and caps. Lu Pi then submitted a memorial: “I have heard that those who expound the Classics transmit the words of the former masters, not their own opinions, and cannot yield to one another; yielding would obscure the principles, just as the compass, square, balance, and scale cannot be distorted. Those who raise questions must clarify their basis, and those who explain must establish their meaning; frivolous and useless words should not be brought forward, so that the mind is not wearied and the Way becomes more manifest. For those with differing interpretations, let each explain the teachings of their own school, broadly examine their meanings, and not let the woodcutters or grass-gatherers be blamed for their words, nor let those in distant regions be left out alone.”
Under the Xiaohé Emperor, the twelfth year of the Yongyuan era (gengzi, 100 CE).
In summer, in the fourth month, on the Wuchen day, a mountain collapsed at Zigui.
In autumn, in the seventh month, on the Xinhai day, which was the first day of the month, a solar eclipse occurred.
In the ninth month, on the Wuwu day, Grand Commandant Zhang Fu was dismissed. On the Bingyin day, the Grand Minister of Agriculture Zhang Yu was appointed Grand Commandant.
The chieftain of the Shaodang Qiang, Mitang, had already come to court. His remaining followers numbered fewer than two thousand, starving and destitute, unable to establish themselves, so they entered Jincheng to live. The emperor ordered Mitang to lead his followers back to the Greater and Lesser Yugu valleys. Mitang believed that the Han had built a river bridge, making troop movements unpredictable, so the old lands were no longer habitable. Using the pretext of his people’s hunger, he refused to travel far. The Protector of the Qiang, Wu Zhi, and others bestowed large amounts of gold and silk on Mitang to buy grain and livestock, urging him to leave the frontier. The followers became increasingly suspicious and fearful. That year, Mitang rebelled again, coercing the various Hu peoples in Huangzhong to plunder and flee. Wang Xin, Geng Tan, and Wu Zhi were all convicted and summoned.
Under the Xiaohé Emperor, the thirteenth year of the Yongyuan era (xinchou, 101 CE).
In autumn, in the eighth month, on the Jihai day, a fire broke out in the Shengzhuan gate tower of the Northern Palace.
Mitang again returned to the Cizhi River bend and led troops to press against the frontier. The Protector of the Qiang, Zhou Wei, together with the Grand Administrator of Jincheng, Hou Ba, along with troops from various commanderies, the Qiang troops of the dependent states, and Hu troops, totaling thirty thousand men, left the frontier and advanced to Yunchuan. Hou Ba defeated Mitang, and his followers disintegrated, with over six thousand surrendering. They were relocated to Hanyang, Anding, and Longxi. From then on, Mitang weakened, fleeing far to the source of the Cizhi River, where he attached himself to the Fa Qiang to live. After a long time, he died of illness. His son came to surrender, with followers numbering fewer than a few dozen households.
Floods occurred in Jingzhou.
In winter, in the eleventh month, on the Bingchen day, an edict said: “The populations of Youzhou, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou are generally sparse, and the corvée labor on the frontiers is heavy; the path for virtuous good officials to be promoted is narrow. In pacifying and receiving the barbarians, the foundation lies in men. Order that each frontier commandery with a population of one hundred thousand or more recommend one filially pious and incorrupt person annually; those with fewer than one hundred thousand, one every two years; those with fewer than fifty thousand, one every three years.” The Xianbei invaded Youbeiping, then entered Yuyang, but the Grand Administrator of Yuyang defeated them.
On the Wuchen day, Minister over the Masses Lü Gai retired due to old age and illness.
The Wu barbarian Xu Sheng, resentful over unequal tax levies by the commandery and county, rebelled; on the Xinmao day, he invaded Nan Commandery.
Under the Xiaohé Emperor, the fourteenth year of the Yongyuan era (renyin, 102 CE).
In spring, the surrendered Qiang tribe of Shaohuo in Anding Commandery rebelled, and the commandery troops defeated and annihilated them. At that time, the Western Sea (Lake Qinghai) and the Greater and Lesser Yugu valleys were no longer troubled by Qiang incursions. The Chancellor of Yumei, Cao Feng, submitted a memorial: “Since the Jianwu era, those Qiang who violated the law often began with the Shaodang tribe. The reason is that they dwell in the Greater and Lesser Yugu valleys, where the land is fertile, with benefits from the Western Sea’s fisheries and salt, relying on the great river for defense. Moreover, they are near the inner frontier tribes, making it easy to commit evil and hard to attack, so they could grow strong and often dominate the tribes, relying on their schemes and strength to entice the Qiang and Hu. Now they are decayed and distressed, their allies and support have collapsed; they flee and dwell far away, attaching themselves to the Fa Qiang. In my humble opinion, we should take this opportunity to reestablish the commandery and county of the Western Sea, plan to consolidate the two Yugu regions, widely set up agricultural colonies, cut off and block the routes of Qiang and Hu intercourse, and halt the covetous designs of the crafty and rebellious. At the same time, planting grain will enrich the frontier, reduce the labor of water transport, and the state may have no worry from the west.” The emperor adopted his suggestion, repaired the former Western Sea Commandery, moved the Colonel of the Western Part of Jincheng to garrison it, and appointed Cao Feng as Colonel of the Western Part of Jincheng, stationed at Longqi. Later, they expanded the agricultural colonies, setting up colony fields along the river, totaling thirty-four sections. This enterprise was nearing completion when, coinciding with the various Qiang rebellions in the Yongchu era, it was discontinued.
In the third month, on the Wuchen day, the emperor personally visited the Biyong to conduct the archery ceremony and granted a general amnesty throughout the empire.
In summer, the fourth month, an envoy was dispatched to lead over ten thousand troops from Jing Province, dividing forces to attack the Wu barbarians Xu Sheng and others, inflicting a major defeat. Xu Sheng and his followers requested surrender, and they were all relocated to Jiangxia.
Empress Yin was extremely jealous; her favor gradually declined, and she harbored repeated resentment in her heart. The empress's maternal grandmother, Deng Zhu, had free access to the palace. Someone reported that the empress and Deng Zhu were practicing witchcraft and sorcery. The emperor sent the Regular Palace Attendant Zhang Shen and the Minister of Finance Chen Bao to investigate the case. They impeached them for great insubordination. Deng Zhu's two sons, Deng Feng and Deng Yi, along with the empress's younger brother Yin Fu, all died in prison. On the xinmao day of the sixth month, the empress was deposed for her crimes and relocated to the Tong Palace, where she died of grief. Her father, the Specially Advanced Yin Gang, committed suicide. The empress's younger brothers Yin Yi and Yin Chang, along with Deng Zhu's family, were exiled to Bijing County in Rinan Commandery.
In autumn, the seventh month, on the renzi day, King Changshan Shang, Liu Ce, died without sons. His elder brother, the Marquis of Fangzi, Liu Zhang, was established as King of Changshan.
Three provinces suffered severe floods.
Ban Chao had long been in distant foreign lands. Growing old, he longed for his homeland and submitted a memorial requesting to return, saying: "I dare not hope to reach Jiuquan Commandery; I only wish to enter the Jade Gate Pass alive. Now I respectfully send my son Ban Yong to follow the tribute from the Parthian Empire into the frontier, so that while I am still alive, Ban Yong may see the Central Plains with his own eyes." The court did not respond for a long time. Ban Chao's sister, the Lady Cao Ban, submitted a memorial saying: "The nature of the barbarians is to be perverse and bully the old; and Ban Chao is on the brink of death, with no one replacing him for a long time. This might open a source of treachery and breed thoughts of rebellion. Meanwhile, the high ministers at court are only concerned with the immediate and refuse to consider long-term plans. If a sudden revolt occurs, Ban Chao's strength will no longer be able to follow his will, which would, on the one hand, harm the meritorious achievements accumulated by the state over generations, and on the other hand, abandon the loyal minister's utmost efforts. This is truly distressing! Therefore, Ban Chao has expressed his sincere wish to return from ten thousand li away, stating his hardship and urgency, craning his neck and looking up in hope. It has been three years now, yet it has not been examined or noted. I have privately heard that in ancient times, men received military service at fifteen and returned it at sixty, having a time of rest and no longer holding office. Therefore, I risk death to beg for mercy for Ban Chao, imploring that he be allowed to spend his remaining years. If he can return alive and once again see the palace gates, it will save the state from the worry of distant expeditions and the Western Regions from sudden calamities. Ban Chao will long receive the grace of King Wen of Zhou burying the dead, and the kindness of Tian Zifang pitying the aged." The emperor was moved by her words and thus summoned Ban Chao back to court. In the eighth month, Ban Chao arrived in Luoyang and was appointed Colonel of the Shooting Sound Corps. In the ninth month, he died. When Ban Chao was recalled, the Defender of the Wuji Commandant, Ren Shang, was temporarily appointed Protector General. Ren Shang said to Ban Chao: "You, Marquis, have been in the outer regions for over thirty years, while I, a petty man, succeed you. The responsibility is heavy, and my thoughts are shallow. I should receive your instruction!" Ban Chao said: "I am old and my wisdom is failing. You have repeatedly held high office—how could I, Ban Chao, compare to you! If you insist, I will offer my foolish opinion: The officials and soldiers beyond the frontier are not filial sons and obedient grandsons; they were all sent to fill the border garrisons due to crimes. The barbarians have the nature of birds and beasts—difficult to nurture and easy to corrupt. Now your temperament is harsh and impatient. Water too clear has no big fish; government too strict loses the harmony of subordinates. You should be lenient and simple, forgive minor faults, and only grasp the general principles." After Ban Chao left, Ren Shang privately said to his close associates: "I thought Lord Ban would have some extraordinary strategy, but now what he said is just common talk." Ren Shang later ultimately lost peace on the border, just as Ban Chao had predicted.
Earlier, Grand Tutor Deng Yu once said to others: "I led a million troops and never killed a single person unjustly. Surely there will be someone among my descendants who rises to prominence." His son, the Colonel of the Qiang Protectorate Deng Xun, had a daughter named Deng Sui. She was filial and loving by nature, fond of studying and reading texts. By day she often practiced womanly virtues, and by night she recited the classics. Her family called her "the scholar." Her uncle Deng Gai said: "I have heard that one who saves a thousand lives will have descendants who receive fiefs. When my elder brother Deng Xun served as an Intermuncius, he was ordered to repair the Shijiu River, saving several thousand lives each year. The Way of Heaven can be trusted; the family will surely receive blessings." Deng Sui was later selected to enter the palace as a Noble Consort. She was respectful and solemn, cautious in every move, following proper etiquette. She served Empress Yin, received and comforted her peers, often restraining herself and placing herself below others. Even to palace maids and servants, she extended kindness and care. The emperor greatly admired her. Once she fell ill, the emperor specially permitted her mother and brothers to enter the palace to attend to her medicine, with no time limit. Noble Consort Deng declined, saying: "The palace is a place of utmost importance, yet allowing maternal relatives to remain long in the inner court would, on the one hand, give Your Majesty the criticism of showing favoritism, and on the other hand, cause me, your humble servant, the slander of being insatiable. Both sides would suffer harm—I truly do not wish this!" The emperor said: "Others consider repeated entry into the palace an honor; why do you, Noble Consort, take it as a worry?" At banquets, the other consorts vied to adorn themselves, but only Noble Consort Deng valued simplicity. If her clothes matched Empress Yin's color, she would immediately change them. When attending audiences together, she dared not sit upright or stand side by side; she walked stooping and bending to show humility. Whenever the emperor asked a question, she often hesitated and stepped back before answering, not daring to speak before or after the empress. Empress Yin was short in stature, and her manner often lost decorum. The attendants covered their mouths and laughed, but only Noble Consort Deng looked sorrowful, not amused, concealing the empress's faults as if they were her own. The emperor knew Noble Consort Deng's toiling heart and sighed, saying: "The labor of cultivating virtue has reached such a degree!" Later, when Empress Yin's favor declined, Noble Consort Deng, whenever summoned, always excused herself on grounds of illness. At that time, the emperor had repeatedly lost sons. Noble Consort Deng worried that the line of succession was not extensive, so she repeatedly selected and presented talented women to please the emperor. Empress Yin saw that Noble Consort Deng's reputation for virtue grew daily and deeply resented her. Once the emperor fell ill, critically so, Empress Yin secretly said: "If I once have my way, I will never let the Deng family survive!" When Noble Consort Deng heard this, she wept and said: "I exhausted my sincerity in serving the empress, yet I am not protected. Now I should die along with the emperor—on the one hand to repay His Majesty's grace, on the other to relieve my clan of disaster, and on the other to prevent the Yin family from the slander of the 'human pig.'" She was about to take poison, but the palace woman Zhao Yu firmly stopped her, then falsely said: "A messenger has just arrived; the emperor's illness has fully recovered." Only then did Noble Consort Deng stop. The next day, the emperor indeed recovered. When Empress Yin was deposed, Noble Consort Deng begged to rescue her but failed. The emperor wished to establish Noble Consort Deng as empress, but she claimed her illness was even more severe, deeply isolating herself. In winter, the tenth month, on the xinmao day, an edict was issued establishing Noble Consort Deng as empress. Empress Deng declined and yielded, and only after not being able to avoid it did she ascend the throne. She ordered that all tribute from commanderies and kingdoms be prohibited, and each year only paper and ink were supplied. Whenever the emperor wished to grant official titles to the Deng family, Empress Deng always earnestly begged to yield. Therefore, her elder brother Deng Zhi, throughout the emperor's reign, never rose above the rank of Captain of the Brave Guards.
On the dingyou day, Minister of Works Chao Kan was dismissed.
In the eleventh month, on the guimao day, the Grand Minister of Agriculture, Xu Fang of Pei State, was appointed Minister of Works. Xu Fang submitted a memorial, stating: "The Han dynasty established fourteen chairs of the Erudites and set up the Grade A and Grade B examinations to encourage and exhort scholars. I observe that at the Imperial University, when examining Erudite students, they all explain based on their own opinions, not cultivating the traditions of their schools. They privately tolerate and conceal one another, opening the path to deceit. Whenever there is a policy examination, there are always disputes and litigations, with arguments in chaos, mutually affirming and negating. Confucius said, 'I transmit but do not create,' and also, 'I still catch up to see the gaps in the historical records.' Now they do not follow the chapter-and-verse commentaries, recklessly making forced interpretations, considering adherence to the teacher's teachings as wrong and arbitrary explanations as correct. They slight and insult the Way and its arts, gradually forming a trend. This is truly not the original intent of the imperial edict requiring earnest selection. Changing superficial trends toward loyalty and substance is the constant principle of the Three Dynasties. Concentrating on refined study and pursuing fundamentals is what Confucian learning prioritizes. I believe that in the policy examinations for the Erudites and Grade A and Grade B, they should follow the chapter-and-verse commentaries of each school, set fifty difficult questions to test them. Those who explain more should be ranked higher; those who cite clearly should be considered superior. If they do not follow the earlier masters and their principles contradict, all should be judged as wrong." The emperor followed his advice.
In this year, Zheng Zhong, the Grand Prolonger of Autumn, was first enfeoffed as the Marquis of Chaodao.
Emperor Xiaohe, the fifteenth year of the Yongyuan era (Gui Mao, 103 AD).
Summer, the fourth month, on the day Jiahai, a solar eclipse occurred. At the time, the Emperor, following the precedent of Emperor Suzong, kept all his brothers in the capital. The relevant officials, attributing the eclipse to an excess of yin energy, memorialized requesting that the various kings be sent to their fiefs. The Emperor issued an edict, saying: “The calamity on the day Jiahai is entirely my own fault. The various kings are young, early deprived of the care of their parents, and at the age of capping they nurture each other, constantly feeling the sorrow of the ‘Liao’e’ and ‘Kaifeng’ poems. My hesitant affection—I know it violates the state’s statutes—but let them remain for a while longer.”
Autumn, the ninth month, on the day Ren Wu, the Emperor made a southern tour. The three feudal kings of Qinghe, Jibei, and Hejian accompanied him.
Floods occurred in four provinces.
Winter, the tenth month, on the day Wu Shen, the Emperor visited Zhangling; on the day Wu Wu, he also visited Yunmeng. At that time, the Grand Commandant Zhang Yu was left in charge. Hearing that the Emperor was about to visit Jiangling, he considered it inadvisable to risk a distant journey and submitted a memorial by express relay, remonstrating against it. The Emperor issued an edict in reply, saying: “The sacrifices and tomb visits are complete; I should head south to perform rites at the Great River. Just as I received your memorial, I turned the carriage around upon reaching the Han River and returned.” In the eleventh month, on the day Jia Shen, he returned to the palace.
Previously, Lingnan had offered fresh dragon’s eyes and lychees as tribute, setting up a relay station every ten li and a post every five li, transmitting them day and night. Tang Yao, the Prefect of Linwu County, a man from Runan, submitted a memorial, saying: “I have heard that those in high positions do not regard fine flavors as virtuous, and those in low positions do not regard offering food as meritorious. I see that the seven commanderies of Jiaozhi offer fresh dragon’s eyes and such; birds are startled as if by wind. The southern provinces have scorching land, vicious insects and fierce beasts, lining the route without end, to the point of encountering the danger of death. The dead cannot be revived, but those who have not yet come can still be saved. If these two items are presented in the hall, they may not necessarily prolong one’s lifespan.” The Emperor issued an edict, saying: “Rare delicacies from distant states are originally meant for offering to the ancestral temple. If they cause harm, how is that the foundation of loving the people? Order the Grand Provisioner no longer to accept such tributes!”
In this year, the commanderies and kingdoms were first ordered to adjudicate minor criminal cases on the summer solstice.
Emperor Xiaohe, the sixteenth year of the Yongyuan era (Jia Chen, 104 AD).
Autumn, the seventh month, a drought occurred.
On the day Xin You, the Minister over the Masses, Lu Gong, was dismissed.
On the day Geng Wu, Zhang Pu, the Superintendent of the Imperial Palace, was appointed Minister over the Masses; in the eighth month, on the day Ji You, Zhang Pu died.
Winter, the tenth month, on the day Xin Mao, Xu Fang, the Minister of Works, was appointed Minister over the Masses, and Chen Chong, the Grand Herald, was appointed Minister of Works.
In the eleventh month, on the day Ji Chou, the Emperor made a tour and visited Goushi County, ascending Mount Baibi.
The Northern Xiongnu sent envoys to offer tribute and request a marriage alliance, seeking to restore the old covenant of Huhanye Chanyu. The Emperor, considering their old rituals incomplete, did not agree but bestowed generous gifts and did not reply to their envoys.
Emperor Xiaohe, the first year of the Yuanxing era (Yi Si, 105 AD).
Spring, the King of Goguryeo entered the Liao-dong frontier, plundering six counties. Summer, the fourth month, on the day Geng Wu, a general amnesty was granted and the era name was changed.
Autumn, the ninth month, Geng Kui, the Grand Administrator of Liao-dong, attacked Goguryeo and defeated them. Winter, the twelfth month, on the day Xin Wei, Emperor He died in the Zhangde Front Hall. Initially, Emperor He had lost his sons—more than ten in succession. Sons born later were secretly raised among the common people, and none of the ministers knew of them. When Emperor He died, Empress Dowager Deng then brought the sons back from among the people. The eldest son, Liu Sheng, had a chronic illness. The youngest son, Liu Long, only a hundred days old, was welcomed and established as the Crown Prince. That very night, he ascended the throne. The Empress Dowager was honored as the Grand Empress Dowager, and she oversaw the court from behind the curtain. At that time, having just encountered the great mourning, the laws and regulations had not yet been established. A large chest of pearls was lost in the palace. The Empress Dowager thought that if she interrogated and pursued the matter, it would inevitably cause the innocent to be wronged. She therefore personally inspected the palace attendants, observing their expressions, and the thief immediately confessed and admitted guilt. Furthermore, Ji Cheng, a favorite of Emperor He, was jointly falsely accused by the charioteers of using sorcery to harm others. He was sent to the Lateral Courts for torture and interrogation, and the confession and evidence were very clear. The Empress Dowager believed that Ji Cheng was a close attendant of the late Emperor, treated with kindness and virtue, and had never uttered harsh words in daily life. That he would now commit such an act was not in accord with human sentiment. She therefore personally summoned Ji Cheng to verify the facts, and it turned out to be the charioteers’ doing. Everyone was filled with admiration, considering the Empress Dowager sagely.
The Northern Xiongnu again sent envoys to Dunhuang to offer tribute, excusing themselves on the grounds of their state’s poverty and inability to prepare the full rituals, and hoping to request that the Han send a great envoy, after which they would send their son to attend court. The Empress Dowager also did not reply to their envoys, merely bestowing generous gifts.
Wang Huan, the Prefect of Luoyang, a man from Guanghan, was fair and upright in his conduct. He was able to expose hidden evils through keen discernment. Outwardly he enforced strict laws, but inwardly he harbored benevolence. In every case he judged, no one was not sincerely convinced. The people of the capital believed he had divine assistance. That year, he died in office. The common people, whether in the marketplace or on the roads, all sighed and wept. Wang Huan’s coffin was taken west to his hometown, passing through Hongnong. The common people set up tables and offerings along the road. When officials asked them why, they all said: “We used to carry grain to Luoyang and were often robbed by officials and soldiers, always losing half. Since Sir Wang governed, we have never again suffered seizure or injustice. Therefore, we have come to repay his kindness.” The people of Luoyang built a shrine for him and composed songs. At every sacrifice, they played and sang to offer them. The Empress Dowager issued an edict, saying: “Loyal and good officials are the support by which the state governs the realm. Seeking them is very laborious, but obtaining them is extremely rare. Now, appoint Wang Huan’s son, Wang Shi, as a Gentleman of the Interior, to encourage diligent persons.”